1. Biology and Behavior

2.  Central Nervous System  Brain and Spinal Cord  Peripheral Nervous system  Nerve cells that send messages from CNS to rest of body.  Neurons  Nerve cells  All over body (100 billion +) (most in the brain)  Cell body, dendrites, axon  Dendrites receive information  Axon carries messages away

4.  Axon terminals to dendrites of another neuron  Crossing the Synapse  Neurotransmitters  Stored in the axon terminals  Acts like a spray bottle, spraying across the synapse until messages are received  To Much or To little cause problems (Parkinson's- Schizophrenia)

7.  Hindbrain-  Medulla- vitals such as heart rate, blood pressure, breathing  Pons- regulates body movement, attention, sleep  Cerebellum- vision and hearing  Midbrain-  Reticular activating system  Forebrain  Thalamus- transmits sensory stimulation and info  Hypothalamus- body temperature, motivation/emotion  Limbic System- learning and memory  Cerebrum-70% of weight in brain,

9.  Composed of two-sides ( left side/right side)  Connecting the two is the Corpus Callosum  Information received by one side of the body is transmitted to the opposite hemisphere of the brain.  Each hemisphere/half of the cerebral cortex is divided into 4 parts or lobes.  Frontal  Parietal  Temporal  occipital

10.  Frontal Lobe-  located at the front of the brain and is associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language. Damage to the frontal lobe can lead to changes in socialization, and attention as well as increased risk-taking.  The Parietal lobe-  located in the middle section of the brain and is associated with processing tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain. Damage to the parietal lobe can result in problems with verbal memory, an impaired ability to control eye gaze and problems with language.

11.  The temporal lobe  bottom section of the brain. This lobe is also the location of the primary auditory cortex, which is important for interpreting sounds and the language we hear. The hippocampus is also located in the temporal lobe, which is why this portion of the brain is also heavily associated with the formation of memories. Damage to the temporal lobe can lead to problems with memory, speech perception, and language skills.  The occipital lobe  is located at the back portion of the brain and is associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information. The primary visual cortex, which receives and interprets information from the retinas of the eyes, is located in the occipital lobe. Damage to this lobe can cause visual problems such as difficulty recognizing objects, an inability to identify colors, and trouble recognizing words.

12.  Read pg.63 “Left versus Right Hemispheres”  http://www.wherecreativitygoestoschool.com /vancouver/left_right/rb_test.htm http://www.wherecreativitygoestoschool.com /vancouver/left_right/rb_test.htm

13.  Glands that secrete or release hormones into the bloodstream  Hormones stimulate growth, reactions, moods.  Produced in several glands  Pituitary Glands  Thyroid gland  Adrenal glands  Testes  ovaries

14.  Pituitary Gland  About the size of a pea in the brain  Secretes several hormones: Growth Hormone  Ex. Female hormones during pregnancy (labor/milk production)  Thyroid Gland  located in neck  Bodies metabolism (Thyroxin)  Adrenal Glands  Located above kidneys  Release cortical steroids to promote muscle development, adrenaline for stressful situations

15.  Testes (Males) & Ovaries (females)  Produce Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone  Testosterone  Male sex hormone  Aids in growth of muscle and bone, development of sex organs, and sex characteristics such as facial hair  Estrogen & Progesterone  Female sex hormone  Stimulates growth of reproductive organs  Prepare for pregnancy

16.  Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.  Genes and Chromosomes  Born with 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs  Each pair has one from mother and father  Children born without 46 in each cell, may have physical or behavioral disorders. Ex down syndrome  Relations  Identical Twins share 100 % of their genes  Parent and child share 50% of their genes  Aunts and Uncles by blood share 25% of genes  Nieces and nephew share about 12.5%  Nature vs Nurture ( Who are we debate?)  Nature- inherit or biological framework  Nurture- environment