1. ENZYMES

2. Enzymes help with most chemical reactions in the body

3. Digestion requires Enzymes Amylase in salivary glands Pepsin in stomach Lipase and trypsin in small intestine

4. Enzyme supplements Aid in digestion

5. Enzymes assist in 2 main types of reactions in cells 1)Synthesis = Synthesize (make) compounds A + B  AB 2)Decomposition = Decompose (break) compounds CD  C + D These reactions require energy

6. Activation energy Energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

7. Most chemical reactions in cells occur too slowly for life to survive

8. Catalyst An inorganic chemical that lowers the activation energy so a reaction can occur

9. Enzymes Natural organic catalysts made of protein that lower the activation energy so a reaction can occur fast enough for cell to survive

10. Enzymes are very complex proteins Proteins are three dimensional

11. The shape of a protein determines its function Four levels of structure Primary structure – sequence of amino acids Secondary structure – alpha helix, beta pleated sheets Tertiary structure – Hydrogen bonds hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds Quaternary structure – 2 or more poly peptides together

12. Primary structure

13. H bonds form secondary structure forms with peptide bonds

14. Tertiary structure forms from other bonds

15. Enzyme key Terms Enzyme – The protein that catalyzes a reaction Substrate - The molecule that the enzyme attaches to Active site - The spot on the enzyme that fits into the substrate

16. Substrates fit into enzymes

17. Enzyme helps reaction occur so substrate(s) forms the product

18. Enzymes and substrates have a specific fit Like a lock and key

19. Induced fit When active site adjusts to fit substrate Induced Fit and Hexokinase

20. Synthesis using enzyme A + B + Enzyme = AB + Enzyme

21. Decomposition using enzyme CD + Enzyme = C + D + Enzyme

22. Enzymes are not used up!!! Enzymes are on both sides of equation Enzymes can keep working! Unless denatured Heat, acid etc. can denature enzymes

23. Denaturing enzyme Heat etc. will break bonds of protein tertiary structure. Reversible Primary structure can stay intact

24. Enzyme animation Claymation enzyme 30 secs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybahzSj UpB0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybahzSj UpB0&feature=related Pacman Animation 2 mins http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZD5xs OKreshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZD5xs OKres

25. Enzymes in industry Rennin used to manufacture cheese,

26. Paper industry Enzymes remove lignin to soften paper.lignin

27. Contact lenses Proteases clean lenses of proteinProteases

28. The enzyme catalase Peroxide kills cells cells have catalase to protect against peroxide Catalase breaks peroxide into water and oxygen gas H 2 O 2 + Enzyme  H 2 0 + O 2 + Enzyme

29. Enzyme Regulation Temperature pH Concentration of enzyme or substrate Inhibitors

30. Every enzyme has an optimal temperature

31. Effect of TEMPERATURE Increased temperature increases particle motion and enzyme reaction rate. BUT Enzymes are proteins and above a certain temperature they denature

32. Effects of pH Changes in pH also denature enzyme Change in pH can alter the active site and keep substrate from binding

33. Enzymes have an optimal pH Pepsin in stomach - acid Trypsin in intestine - base

34. Competitive inhibitor Blocks active site from substrate

35. Non Competitive inhibitor Attaches to enzyme in different place and alters its active site

36. Toxic substances are often enzyme inhibitors They stop important biological processes Ex cyanide, lead, mercury, pesticides

37. Allosteric enzymes Enzymes that can be altered by an non- competitive inhibitor A reaction product can act as a feedback inhibitor to slow enzyme. These can also be Promoters! That increase enzyme activity

38. Animations of enzymes http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/ani m_2.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/ani m_2.htm