2.  Teacher  Engineer  Historian  Educational theorist  Student of psychology and sociology  Writer & editor

3.  Born in Fitchburg, Massachusetts in 1886  Son of a carpenter  Dartmouth College – B.S. in Civil Engineering 1908 and M.S. in 1909  Married 3 times, had both adopted and biological children  Spent time in Army during WWI  Taught at Columbia Univ. for 30 years

4.  Charter member of John Dewey Society  One of the founders of the National Council for Social Studies  Helped organize The Social Frontier, later became editor  Served as social studies editor of Senior Scholastic  Spent 11 years as editor for Journal of Educational Psychology

5.  Published 14 volumes of social studies materials between 1929-1940  First curriculum series created and used on a nation-wide scale  Established Rugg as first great American curriculum developer in any field

7.  Rugg developed a program that focused more on subject matter  Grouped the individual subjects into “social studies” units  Divided culture into (1) the external civilization, (2) the social institutions, and (3) the underlying psychology of the people.

8.  Formal education should be used as an agent of social change  Rugg believed that society required integrity  Integrity could be found through creativity and self-expression

9.  Conscious mental life & symbolic processes – are how we communicate, think and rearrange life experiences into logical categories  Unconscious symbolic processes – are even more fixed rigid because meanings are hidden/repressed and are not creative at all

10.  Creativity takes place in the gap between the conscious and unconscious mind.  The transliminal chamber is not tied to daily grind of conscious mind or weighed down by unconscious symbolic relationships  Here the mind is free to play with ideas, meanings, puns, allegories, etc. (Textbook p.61)

11.  Social improvement can/should begin with formal education.  Students should identify societal problems and work to solve them.  Society requires integrity.  Integrity can be found through creative self-expression.  Creativity is found in the translimal chamber.