1. 13/06/59 1 Copyright  1997, KJH Introduction to VHDL Lecture 2 Prof. K. J. Hintz Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering George Mason University

2. 13/06/59 2 Copyright  1997, KJH Outline  Objects  Object Classes  Class Types  Operations on Types of Classes

3. 13/06/59 3 Copyright  1997, KJH Objects  Object: Anything that has a Name and is of a Specified Type  Four Classes of Objects  Constants  Variables  Signals (discussion deferred to later)  Files (discussion deferred to later)  Classes of Objects can be of Different Types

4. 13/06/59 4 Copyright  1997, KJH Object Declaration  Before an Object can be Used, it must be Declared  Declarations  Specify a unique identifier  Define the type  May specify initial (default) value

5. 13/06/59 5 Copyright  1997, KJH Constants  Initialized to a Value that Cannot Change  If not initialized, called a deferred constant  May only appear in package declaration  Insures a Value has a Type constant_declaration <= constant identifier_list : subtype_indication [ := expression ] ; where identifier_list <= identifier {,... }

6. 13/06/59 6 Copyright  1997, KJH Constant Declaration Examples  constant PI : real := 3.1415926535897 ;  constant BUS_WIDTH : integer := 32 ;  constant INTENSITY_DYNAMIC_RANGE : real := 16#FF.F ;  constant START_TIME_HOURS : integer := 11 ;  constant START_TIME_MINUTES : integer := 00 ;

7. 13/06/59 7 Copyright  1997, KJH Variables  Variable: an Object Whose Value May be Changed After Creation  Initialization Value is Optional, if not Initialized the Default for Scalar Types is  the first in the list of an enumeration type  the lowest in an ascending range  the highest in a descending range  Only Declare where it can be Accessed by One Process variable_declaration <= variable identifier_list : subtype_indication [ := expression ] ;

8. 13/06/59 8 Copyright  1997, KJH Variable Declaration Examples  variable ControlValue : real := 3.68;  variable MinTemp, MaxTemp, MeanTemp : real := 0 ;  variable ImageWidth, ImageHeight : integer := 256 ;  variable DiskSize, MemUsed, MemLeft : integer ;  variable MainBus : bit_vector (31 downto 0) ;

9. 13/06/59 9 Copyright  1997, KJH Variable Assignment  Immediately Overwrites Variable with New Value Unlike the way a Signal  := Replacement Operator for Variables  <= Replacement Operator for Signals variable_assignment_statement <= [ label : ] name := expression ;

10. 13/06/59 10 Copyright  1997, KJH Variable Assignment Examples  MinTemp := 0.0 ;  ImageWidth := 128 ;  MainBus : = 16#ffff_ffff ;  MainBus : = x “FFFF_FFFF“ ;

11. 13/06/59 11 Copyright  1997, KJH Types  The type of a data object  Defines the set of values an object can take on  Defines operations which can be performed on object  Scalar Type  Consists of a set of single, indivisible values  Composite Type  Many Predefined Types

12. 13/06/59 12 Copyright  1997, KJH Type Declaration type_declaration <= type identifier is type_definition ; type_definition <=scalar_type_definition | composite_type_definition | access_type_definition | file_type_definition  Identical Type Declarations are Distinct  type MidTermGrades is range 0 to 100  type FinalGrades is range 0 to 100

13. 13/06/59 13 Copyright  1997, KJH Scalar Type Declaration scalar_type_definition <= enumeration_type_definition | integer_type_definition | floating_type_definition | physical_type_definition  Scalar Type  Number types  Enumerated list  Physical quantities

14. 13/06/59 14 Copyright  1997, KJH Integer Type Definition

15. 13/06/59 15 Copyright  1997, KJH Integer Type Definition Examples  type StreetNumbers is range 10107 to 12568;  type ImagingSensors is range 0 to 5;  type Celsius is range 100 downto 0;  type PointSpread is range 14 downto 0 ;

16. 13/06/59 16 Copyright  1997, KJH Operations on Integer Types *Ashenden, VHDL cookbook

17. 13/06/59 17 Copyright  1997, KJH Floating-Point Type Definition

18. 13/06/59 18 Copyright  1997, KJH Floating-Point Type Examples  type StreetPosition is range 101.07 to 125.68 ;  type ImagingSensorSensitivity is range 0.0 to 5.0 ;  type Celsius is range 100.0 downto 0.0 ;  type PointSpread is range 15.0 downto 0.0 ;

19. 13/06/59 19 Copyright  1997, KJH Ops on Floating-Point Types  Binary Operators  +Add  -Subtraction  *Multiplication  /Division  **Exponentiation  Unary Operators  -Negation  +Identity  absAbsolute value

20. 13/06/59 20 Copyright  1997, KJH Physical Type Definition

21. 13/06/59 21 Copyright  1997, KJH Physical Type Definition  Time: Predefined Physical Type type time is range implementation defined units fs; ps=1000 fs; ns=1000 ps; us=1000 ns; ms = 1000 us; sec = 1000 ms; min = 60 sec; hr = 60 min; end units; [time]

22. 13/06/59 22 Copyright  1997, KJH Simulation Resolution Limit  The Resolution Limit Determines the Precision to Which Time Values are Represented.  Values of Time Smaller than the Resolution Limit Round Down to Zero.  fs is the Normal Resolution Limit During Model Simulation.  Larger Values of Time can be used as a Secondary Time Resolution Limit  Units of all physical literals involving time must not be smaller than the secondary resolution limit

23. 13/06/59 23 Copyright  1997, KJH Physical Type Definition Example type capacitance is range 0 to 1e12 units picofarad; nanofarad = 1000 picofarad ; microfarad = 1000 nanofarad ; farad = 1e6 microfarad ; end units capacitance;

24. 13/06/59 24 Copyright  1997, KJH Physical Type Examples  47 picofarad  10.6 nanofarad  4.7 picofarad  rounds DOWN to 4 picofarads since pf is smallest unit  can only have integer value of base unit

25. 13/06/59 25 Copyright  1997, KJH Operations on Physical Types  Binary Operators  *Multiplication by an integer or float  /Division by an integer or float  Division by objects of same physical type yield an integer  Unary Operators  -negation  +identity

26. 13/06/59 26 Copyright  1997, KJH Operations on Physical Types  Multiplication or Division of Two Physical Types not Allowed  Convert to integers  Perform operation  Convert result to correct type

27. 13/06/59 27 Copyright  1997, KJH Enumeration Type Definition

28. 13/06/59 28 Copyright  1997, KJH Enumeration Type Definition Examples  type Buffer_Direction is ( in, out, tri_state ) ;  type FFType is ( Toggle, Set_Reset, Data, JK ) ;  type MemoryType is ( Read_Only, Write_Only, RW ) ;  type GateType is ( AND, OR, INVERT ) ;

29. 13/06/59 29 Copyright  1997, KJH Predefined Enumeration Types  type severity_level is ( note, warning, error, failure );  type Boolean is ( false, true );  Used to model abstract conditions  type bit is ( '0', '1' );  Used to model hardware logic levels  type file_open_status is ( open_ok, status_error, name_error, mode_error );  type character is ( NUL, SOH,... )  all characters is ISO 8-bit character set  IEEE std_logic_1164 Accounts for Electrical Properties

30. 13/06/59 30 Copyright  1997, KJH Subtypes

31. 13/06/59 31 Copyright  1997, KJH Subtype Cases  A Subtype may Constrain Values from a Scalar Type to be Within a Specified Range  subtype Pin_Count is integer range 0 to 400;  subtype Octal_Digits is character range '0' to '7';  A Subtype May Constrain an Otherwise Unconstrained Array Type by Specifying Bounds for the Indices  subtype id is string (1 to 20);  subtype MyBus is bit_vector (8 downto 0);

32. 13/06/59 32 Copyright  1997, KJH Subtypes  Predefined Numeric Subtypes  subtype natural is integer range 0 to highest_integer  subtype positive is integer range 1 to highest_integer  subtype delay_length is time range 0 fs to highest_time  Subtypes Mixed in Expressions  Computations done in base type  Assignment fails if result is not within range of result variable (sub)type

33. 13/06/59 33 Copyright  1997, KJH Type Syntax  Type Qualification is Used to Avoid Type Ambiguity in Overloaded Enumeration Literals type_name ‘ ( expression )  Only states type of value  Type Conversion can be Used to Perform Mixed Arithmetic New_Type ( Value_of_Old_Type )  real ( 238 )  positive ( My_Integer_Value )  Rounds to nearest integer  Changes type of value

34. 13/06/59 34 Copyright  1997, KJH Scalar Type Attributes  Predefined Attributes Associated with Each Type Type_Name ‘ Attribute_Name  Attributes applicable to ALL Scalar Types  T’leftleftmost value in T  T’rightrightmost value in T  T’lowleast value in T  T’highgreatest value in T  T’ascendingTrue if ascending range, else false  T’image(x)a string representing x  T’value(s)the value in T that is represented by s

35. 13/06/59 35 Copyright  1997, KJH Scalar Attributes  Attributes Applicable to Discrete and Physical Types  T’pos(x) position number of x in T  T’val(n) value in T at position n  T’succ(x) value in T at position one greater than that of x  T’pred(x) value in T at position one less than that of x  T’leftof(x) value in T at position one to the left of x  T’rightof(x) value in T at position one to the right of x

36. 13/06/59 36 Copyright  1997, KJH Operators  “Short-Circuit” Operators  Behavior with binary operators  Evaluate left operand  If value of operand determines the value of expression, set result  Else evaluate right operand  Left operand can be used to prevent right operand from causing arithmetic error such as divide by zero  Reduces computation time by eliminating redundant calculations  AND, OR, NAND, NOR

37. 13/06/59 37 Copyright  1997, KJH Operators  Relational operators  =, /=,, >=  Operands must be of the same type  Yield Boolean results  Equality, Inequality operators  =, /=  Operands of any type.  Concatenation operator  &  Operates on one-dimensional arrays to form a new array

38. 13/06/59 38 Copyright  1997, KJH Operators  Arithmetic  * /  Operate on integer, floating point and physical types types.  Modulo, Remainder  mod rem  Operate only on integer types.  Absolute value  abs  Operates on any numeric type

39. 13/06/59 39 Copyright  1997, KJH Operators  Exponentiation  **  Integer or floating point left operand  Integer right operand required  Negative right operand requires floating point left operand.