1. Endo Spore Gram positive rods
Lecture

2. Spore forming bacilli Gram+ve Spore-forming small/Large Bacilli ..
Aerobic/Anaerobic.. Survive Long Period in Dryness.. Resist boiling temperature..Common in Nature.. Soil, Dust, Vegetations, Human /Animal Intestines, Feces & Water.. Mostly Saprophytes.. Putrefaction of organic compounds.. Few Pathogenic for humans/Animals.. Rapid growth 24-48h

3. Aerobic Bacilli Group:
Bacillus cereus: Contamination Food ( Rice, Meat, Fish, Dairy products).. Heat-stable Enterotoxin.. Food- poisoning: Incubation Period hrs, Vomiting & Diarrhea, No Fever..No Need for Antibiotic..Very rare invasive infections

5. Aerobic Bacilli
B. subtilis: Opportunistic Pathogen.. Wound infect ..Sepsis.. Infant.. Immunocompromid Patients.
B. anthracis: Polypeptide Capsule.. Potent virulence factors.. Common cause of intestinal FATAL disease in animals.. Human Cutaneous Anthrax- Lesions.. Inhalation B. anthracis spores causes hemorrhagic Pneumonia & Septicemia, High mortality..Biological War Agent.
Lab Diagnosis: Culture Specimens.. Skin Ulcer.. Rare Blood / Sputum .. Culture on Blood & Chocolate Agar..
Bacillus anthracis

7. 2- Anaerobic Clostridia Group:
Spore forming bacilli.. Exo- Enterotoxins.. Heat-Stable /Labile .. Exo-& Endogenous Infection.. High Fatality without Treatment.
Patients amputated right arm post dissection. Some of the brown discolouration is visible

8. Genus Clostridium Obligate Anaerobes
Consists of large Gram positive rod shaped.
Arranged in pairs or short chains with rounded pointed ends.
Have a variable response on gram stain
All species form endospores and have a fermentative type of metabolism

9. Genus Clostridium Live in all of the anaerobic habitats : soil
aquatic sediments
intestinal tracts of animals
Ferment a wide variety of organic compounds
Produce end products: butyric acid
acetic acid
butanol
acetone
Most clostridia are saprophytes and a few are pathogenic.

10. Genus Clostridium Have three important qualities:
1. Multiply only in the absence of oxygen
2. Have the ability to survive adverse
conditions
3. Release potent toxins during process of
multiplying

11. Clostridium tetani: Tetanus highly fatal disease. Without treatment
Clostridium tetani: Tetanus highly fatal disease .. Without treatment .. Localized infection/-Surface -Deep Tissue injurey ..Release potent neurotoxin (Tetanus toxin / tetanospasmin) produced when spores germinate and vegetative cells grow in necrotic tissues. The organism multiplies locally and symptoms appear remote from the infection site.

12. Treatment: Surgical Debridement.. Antibiotics.. Tetanus Vaccine.
Lab Diagnosis: Specimens from damaged Tissues.. Direct Gram-stain.. Culture on blood & chocolate agar

13. Clostridium tetani- Cl.perfingens

14. Clostridium perfringens & Others Species: Toxigenic & Invasive
Clostridium perfringens & Others Species: Toxigenic & Invasive .. Endo-Exo Infections.. Enzymes (Collagenese, Hyaluronidase,Toxins). Contamination Deep Wounds.. Bacteremia.. Gasgangrene- Myonecrosis- Cellulitis..

15. Clostridium perfringens

16. Treatment: Surgical Debridement/ Amputation & Antibiotics
Treatment: Surgical Debridement/ Amputation & Antibiotics.. No Preventative Vaccine
A common cause of Food-Poisoning.. Enterotoxin..
Incub 6-24 Hrs.. Intense Watery Diarrhea.. No Fever
Lab Diagnosis: Culture Specimens: Aspirated Fluid Wound/Blood

17. Wound Infection with Mixed Clostridia & Other Bacteria

18. C. botulinum : Food-borne botulism is intoxication
C .botulinum : Food-borne botulism is intoxication .. Ingestion of foods contain preformed toxin.. Heat-Stable Exotoxins..20min /100C.
Contamination Canned Food.. Meat, Fish, Beans.

19. Botulism: Clinical symptoms begin 8-36 hours after toxin ingestion with weakness, dizziness, dryness mouth, Nausea, Neurologic features.. blurred vision, inability to swallow, difficulty in speech, weakness of skeletal muscles and Respiratory Paralysis.. Inhibition the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.. No Fever.
Diagnosis & treatment: Clinical Features.. Difficult to detect toxin..antitoxin serum..support therapy.

20. Clostridium difficile: Human intestines. Healthy Carriers. Endo
Clostridium difficile: Human intestines..Healthy Carriers .. Endo.. Common Nosocomial Infection..Antibiotic usage
Produces two toxins: Toxin A is enterotoxin .. causes fluid accumulation in the Intestinesl. Toxin B is an extremely lethal (cytopathic) toxin.

21. C. difficile growing in blood agar

22. Pseudomembranous Colitis. Bloody Diarrhea
Pseudomembranous Colitis.. Bloody Diarrhea.. AntibioticAssociated diarrhea (Amoxicillin, Lincomycin- Clindymicin, Cephalosporines) .. Long Treatment.. Fatal.. Treatment: Stop used Antibiotics..replace by Metronidazole or vancomycin
Lab Diagnosis: Identification of Toxins in Stool Specimen by immunological test.. Less Culture

23. Thank you