1. Warm-up Question 53 Asp-Trp-Ile-Ile Which of the following base sequences would code for the amino acid sequence shown?

2. Biology Practice Test Review

3. Scientific Method Experiment- increase the number of testing subjects Control Group- NO/NOTHING is done to it. Independent Variable- I can CHANGE (Only 1 in a Controlled experiment) Dependent Variable- Depends on the Independent Variable (More than 1) Bar Graph- used to compare groups Line Graph- used to show change over time

4. Chemistry ☺atom = 8e- in outer shell Atoms share electrons= covalent bond Atoms give and take electrons= ionic bond Weak bond b/t polar molecules= Hydrogen Bonds Polar Molecule= slightly positive end and slightly negative end (like a magnet) ex. Water Cohesion- water sticks to water Adhesion- water sticks to other Capillary Action- water moving up small tubes pH scale Acid Neutral Base  -----------------7---------------  Buffer solution- Decreases the strength of the Acid or Base

5. Chemistry -Carbohydrate/Monosaccharide/ Quick Energy -Lipid/Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids/ Stored Energy -Nucleic Acid/Nucleotide/ Genetic Information -Protein/Amino Acid/ Structures and enzymes Amino Acid= Protein Sugar= Carbohydrate -ose= Carbohydrate -ase= Enzyme Enzyme= Speed ↑ chemical reactions Enzymes: -are proteins, -1 job, -used again and again, - optimum temperature and optimum pH

6. Cell Structure and Function Pro= NO Nucleus, NO organelles, Bacteria Eu= Nucleus, Organelles Plant Cell= Cell Wall, Chloroplast, Large Vacuole Animal Cell=Lysosome, Centriole, Small Vacuole Cell>Tissue>Organ>Organ System

7. Cell Transport Cell Membrane- Regulates what goes in and out of the cell High to Low, Go with the Flow NO ENERGY. Diffusion: High to Low: through Lipid Bilayer Facilitated Diffusion: High to Low: through Transport Protein Osmosis: Water Low to High, You must Buy ENERGY

8. Energy CO 2 →Photosynthesis→O 2 O 2 →Cellular Respiration→CO 2 Aerobic= uses O 2, in the Mitochondrion, Produces 36 ATP Anaerobic= NO O 2, in the cytoplasm, Produces 2 ATP ATP=Energy (Remove 3 rd Phosphate)

9. DNA and RNA Gene= DNA DNA= Deoxyribose Sugar, Double stranded, Thymine RNA= Ribose Sugar, Single stranded, Uracil RNA= protein synthesis mRNA= copy of DNA tRNA= transports amino acids rRNA= reads the mRNA and assembles proteins

10. DNA and RNA - Transcription (1) DNA → mRNA -Translation (2) mRNA → protein Mutations Deletion Insertion Inversion Translocation

11. DNA and RNA Karyotype- studying ONE person’s chromosomes DNA Fingerprint (pattern)- Made by Gel Electrophoresis

12. Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis= Cell Reproduction Uncontrollable Mitosis= Cancer Prophase=chromosomes appear Metaphase= Middle Anaphase= Apart Telophase= Two nuclei Meiosis= makes sex cells Sex cells AKA Reproductive cells, Gametes, Germ Cells (sperm and egg) Crossing Over- during Meiosis I, Prophase I= Genetic Variation

13. Reproduction Asexual- One organism, Quick, Less Energy, Genetically identical, At risk if environment changes dramatically Sexual- Two organism, Slower, More Energy, Genetic Variation, Better chance of species survival if environment changes dramatically ↑ types of DNA = ↑ chance of survival

14. Genetics DDGG Sex-linked= X-linked X B X B - normal female, X B X b - carrier female, X b X b - female w/ disorder, X B y- normal male, X b y- male w/ disorder Autosomal- NOT Sex-linked Sickle Cell- Change to blood shape due to point mutation Cystic Fibrosis- Mucus build-up in the lungs due to point mutation Pedigree- studying a trait in a family Analyzing a Pedigree- Is it sex-linked (ONLY female carrier) what is recessive.

15. Ecology Decomposers= Breakdown Energy Pyramid Mutualism (+,+), Parasitism (+,-), Commensalism (+,0) Large Population= NO predators and LOTS of food Combustion=burning of fossil fuels puts CO 2 in the atmosphere Nitrogen Cycle=Bacteria Human Activity (Effects)=Negative: Biomagnification= harmful chemicals get trapped in food chains/webs; harms TOP consumers the most Succession- Primary- NO SOIL; Secondary- SOIL

16. Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

17. Taxonomy Bacteria- Unicellular, Prokaryotic Protist- Unicellular, Eukaryotic Fungi- No locomotion, Mostly Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Eukaryotic Plant- No locomotion, Multicellular, Autotrophic, Eukaryotic Animal- Locomotion, Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Eukaryotic

18. Plant Parts Flower= Pollination/Sexual Reproduction Vascular Tissue= Xylem↑ and Phloem↓ Stomata= holes on the underside of leaf; let CO 2 in and O 2 out

19. Evolution Evolution=Change overtime Evolution=caused by Natural selection, organisms must adapt Common Ancestor