1. Immigration – Populists – Progressives

2. Your Turn What does gilded mean? Why does the term apply to the late 1800s, early 1900s?

3. Immigration 1860 - 1900 Immigrants came to the industrial centers of the United States –Worked for low wages Mainly from southern and eastern Europe –Went through Ellis Island –Settled in the North More major cities Greater educational opportunities More jobs –Major reason why some immigrants were denied entry They carried a contagious disease

5. Immigrant Supporters Political machines (powerful politicians) provided them with jobs and other favors –Tammany Hall Provided for the welfare of immigrants and other city dwellers Immigrant would therefore vote for the politicians

6. Immigrant Problems Nativists –Immigrants major cause of urban problems –Main objective was to restrict immigration Discrimination –Spoke different languages –Had different customs Chinese –Laws discriminated they accepted very low wages –Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882 Chinese laborers could not enter America

7. Immigrant Urban Living Conditions Tenements –Overcrowded and filthy apartments –Threatened by unsafe living conditions –Reflected ethnic cultures –Disease due to poor sanitation –Jacob Riis, in How the Other Half Lives, and Lincoln Steffens, in The Shame of the Cities Exposing poverty and corruption in many U.S. cities

10. Activity Imagine that you are giving advice to a new immigrant to the United States during the Gilded Age Create a pamphlet that explains what the immigrant should expect to encounter.

11. Farmers Farmers remained largely ignorant of basic business practices after the Civil War. They had none of the power that had made other businessmen prosperous. Farmers had no control over the marketplace. Their prosperity, in fact, depended on six factors which they could not regulate: –Business Cycles –Credit –Transportation –Labor Supply –Price Structure –Government policies In reaction to these problems, farmers began to take political action.

12. Populists Major third party movement –Farmers –Party machine = The Grange –William Jennings Bryan (leader) 1896 presidential candidate Fought against the gold standard for money. Wanted unlimited coinage of silver

13. Main critiques made by Populists: The American legal system placed too much emphasis on property rights Monopolies were an economic and social evil Social Darwinism & laissez-faire were bankrupt ideologies Industrial society had turned individuals into economic commodities Wealth was unevenly distributed

14. Progressives Emerged out the Populist movement Government –protect workers –Businesses were subject to government control Interstate Commerce Commission Greater efficiencies in production (Model T) Municipal reformers –Utilities controlled by the city

15. Progressives Tariff reform –Underwood Simmons Bill Theodore Roosevelt –Strong National gov’t Regulate business –National Park System Managing federal lands Conservation of natural resources Recreational areas for the public –Breakup of several trusts deemed harmful to the public

16. Progressive Amendments 16 th Amendment –Income Tax 17 th Amendment –Direct election of Senators 18 th Amendment –Prohibition of alcohol 19 th Amendment –Women’s right to vote –Originally granted in 10 western states