1. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 14 Animal Kingdom

2. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animals Section 14.1 What Is an Animal? –Are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by ingestion –Digest their food within their bodies Figure 17.2

3. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animal Structure Structure is the arrangement of parts in an organism (includes shape of a part & what it is made of) Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ System Example: Cardiac muscle cells  Cardiac muscle tissue  Heart  Circulatory System

4. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.1 Ecosystem African savanna Community All organisms in savanna Population Herd of zebras Organism Zebra Organ system Circulatory system Organ Heart Cell Heart muscle cell Tissue Heart muscle tissue Molecule DNA Atom Oxygen atom

5. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animal Function Function is the job the part does Major functions are: get food & oxygen, keep internal body conditions stable (homeostasis), move, reproduce

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Food All are heterotrophs or consumers Cannot make their own food (must consume other animals or plants) Food provides animals w/energy for growth and activity

7. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Movement Able to perform rapid, complex movements Move by means of muscle cells Can walk, run, crawl, swim, fly, etc. Some animals only move during early stages of their life (oysters & barnacles) Animal movement related to meeting the needs of survival & reproduction

8. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Multicellular All animals are many-celled eukaryotic (have a nucleus) Even though two animals may very greatly in size – the cells that make each animal are the same size

9. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproduction All animals must reproduce Most reproduce sexually – need two parents (joining of male sperm & female egg – this process called fertilization) Some reproduce asexually - only need one parent (produces a new organism identical to itself)

10. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis Animals must maintain a stable environment within their bodies (called homeostatsis) – If not animals will not survive for long – Have methods to keep warm (snakes lying on hot rocks) or keep cool (dogs pant)

11. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Warm Blooded vs. Cold Blooded Ectotherm = cold blooded, reptiles fish, amphibians, and their temperature is close to that of their environment Endotherm = warm blooded (controls internal heat it produces), humans, mammals, birds, and their body temperature is warmer than their environment. (have sweat glands, fur or feathers to help maintain body temp) – thus can live in a wider variety of environments

12. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Symmetry Asymmetrical –No symmetry or irregular body shape –Example: sponge Radial –Body parts arranged around a central axis, organism can be divided into 2 equal halves –Example: sea anemone Bilateral –Body divided into distinct right an left halves (can be divided into top & bottom or front & back) –Example: human

13. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14. Vertebrates –Are represented by mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes –Have a backbone (also called a spine) which is part of an internal skeleton (endoskeleton) –Endoskeleton protects organs, gives body shape, gives muscles a place to attach, provides support (even against gravity) –Endoskeleton does not need to be replaced as the organism grows –Makes up only 5% of all known animal species Figure 17.28

15. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Invertebrates –Animal that has NO backbone or spine –Makes up 95% of the animal kingdom –Have an exoskeleton (rigid external skeleton that encases the body of the animal) –As animal grows, it sheds its exoskeleton and replaces it with a larger new one –Insects, spiders, crayfish, snails, jellyfish, worms are all examples

16. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Section 14.2 Animal Behavior All actions an animal performs (ex. getting food, avoiding predators, & finding a mate). Most behaviors help animals survive & reproduce

17. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Innate Behavior Also known as instinct = animals perform some behaviors w/o being taught but inherited through genes. A response to stimulus that is inborn & an animal performs correctly the first time. (birds building nests, worms crawling away from bright light)

18. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learned Behavior Learning = process that leads to changes in behavior based on practice or experience. Larger the brain = more animal can learn. Not usually done perfectly the first time. Depend in part on inherited traits from parents.

19. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Example: Imprinting Newly hatched birds follow first moving object they see. Once this process takes place it CANNOT be changed. Valuable because keeps young close to mom & allows young to learn what other animals of own species look like.

20. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Example: Trial-and-Error Animal learns to perform a behavior more & more skillfully through repeated practice. Repeat behaviors resulting in reward & avoid behaviors resulting in punishment. Use this method for finding best ways to obtain food

21. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Behavior Finding food –Marking territory (an area that is occupied and defended by animal or group of animals) –Animals use scratches, droppings, or pheromones to “mark” territories. –Animals may display aggression = threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another (ex. snapping, snarling, or clawing). –By establishing territories – animal protects its resources and provides a safe area for offspring.

22. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Behavior Defensive action –Helps animals protect themselves from predators (i.e. freezing to blend in w/environment)

23. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Behavior Courtship = behavior in which males and females of same species prepare for mating. –Several males may compete for a single female. –Animals may use sound to attract mates (crickets), communicate warning (coyote howling or squirrels chattering). –Animals communicate w/scents (pheromone = a chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior of another animal of the same species).

24. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Behavior Parenting –Many young depend on parents for survival

25. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seasonal Behavior Circadian rhythms = behaviors that occur daily (owls sleep during day and hunt at night. Hibernation = state of greatly reduced body activity that occurs during the winter when food is scarce (breathing & heartbeat slow down, stored fat is used for energy, bears hibernate). Migration = regular, seasonal journey (fall & spring) of an animal from one place to another and back again (birds flying south for winter). Usually migrate to an area that provides a lot of food or good environment for reproduction. Migrating animals use sight, taste, other senses, position of sun, moon, and stars to find their way.