1. Biology 105 Animal Behavior Pgs 1127-1151 Animal Behavior Pgs 1127-1151

2. Student Outcomes / Describe the interactions of heredity, environment, and maturation in animal behavior. / Distinguish between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior, and apply the concepts of ultimate cause and cost- benefit analysis to decide whether a particular behavior is adaptive. / Describe the interactions of heredity, environment, and maturation in animal behavior. / Distinguish between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior, and apply the concepts of ultimate cause and cost- benefit analysis to decide whether a particular behavior is adaptive.

3. Student Outcomes / Discuss the significance of habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognition / Describe common modes of animal communication, including signaling by pheromones. / Discuss the significance of habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognition / Describe common modes of animal communication, including signaling by pheromones.

4. Animal Behavior -What an animal does and how it does it – in response to stimuli in its environment. Known as Behavioral Ecology (Ethology) Behavior responses have costs. Ecologists use cost-benefit analysis to understand animal behaviors -What an animal does and how it does it – in response to stimuli in its environment. Known as Behavioral Ecology (Ethology) Behavior responses have costs. Ecologists use cost-benefit analysis to understand animal behaviors

5. Nature vs Nurture / Innate Behavior – inborn (instinct) / Learned Behavior – modified with environmental experience / Innate Behavior – inborn (instinct) / Learned Behavior – modified with environmental experience

6. Behavior patterns as a results of Motor Programs / Graylag goose retrieves an egg from the next / Male stickleback with red color on ventral surface / Graylag goose retrieves an egg from the next / Male stickleback with red color on ventral surface

7. Innate – Learned Behavior / 8 steps / Instinct / Fixed action pattern / Imprinting / Associate Learning / Trial and Error / Habituation / Observational learning / Insight / 8 steps / Instinct / Fixed action pattern / Imprinting / Associate Learning / Trial and Error / Habituation / Observational learning / Insight

8. Habituation / Learned behavior of ignoring repeated stimuli that neither reward or punish.

9. Imprinting / Occurs within the first few hours of birth or hatching. Shape, Sound and Scent are very important for imprinting. / If kept apart for a few hours after birth, mothers may reject the newborn. / Occurs within the first few hours of birth or hatching. Shape, Sound and Scent are very important for imprinting. / If kept apart for a few hours after birth, mothers may reject the newborn.

10. Classical Conditioning / An association between a new stimulus and a body function. / Pavlov’s dog / Unconditioned stimulus (food) / Conditioned stimulus (bell) / Unconditioned response (salivating to food) / Conditioned response (salivating to bell) / Extinction – forgetting the conditioned stimulus / An association between a new stimulus and a body function. / Pavlov’s dog / Unconditioned stimulus (food) / Conditioned stimulus (bell) / Unconditioned response (salivating to food) / Conditioned response (salivating to bell) / Extinction – forgetting the conditioned stimulus

11. Operant Conditioning / Animal will gain a reward for doing something OR avoid punishment. / Classic example– Mouse with lever / Animal will gain a reward for doing something OR avoid punishment. / Classic example– Mouse with lever

12. Cognition / Gaining knowledge and carrying out higher level mental functions. / Insight learning – linking past experiences to solve new problems / Debate among behavioral ecologists is how much Cognition and self- awareness most animals have? / Gaining knowledge and carrying out higher level mental functions. / Insight learning – linking past experiences to solve new problems / Debate among behavioral ecologists is how much Cognition and self- awareness most animals have?

13. Social behavior / Interaction of 2 or more animals usually of the same species (society). / Benefits: safety, hunting, defense, division of labor / Costs: more food and resources needed. Battle for territory and mating rights. / Communication is necessary / Interaction of 2 or more animals usually of the same species (society). / Benefits: safety, hunting, defense, division of labor / Costs: more food and resources needed. Battle for territory and mating rights. / Communication is necessary

14. Communication / Important in / Holding a group together / Warn of danger / Signal social status / Indicate willingness to accept care / Identify members of the same species / Indicate sexual maturity (mating) / Finding food or other resources / Important in / Holding a group together / Warn of danger / Signal social status / Indicate willingness to accept care / Identify members of the same species / Indicate sexual maturity (mating) / Finding food or other resources

15. Communication / Visual – fast and share much info / Auditory – better for night time and over long distances / Scent – urination to mark objects (Pheromones), or to attract members of opposite sex. / Visual – fast and share much info / Auditory – better for night time and over long distances / Scent – urination to mark objects (Pheromones), or to attract members of opposite sex.

16. Sexual Selection / Two Types / Intrasexual selection – individuals of same sex compete for mates. Ex: male kangaroos ‘boxing’ / Intersexual selection-females select mate based on physical traits or winning suitors. / Two Types / Intrasexual selection – individuals of same sex compete for mates. Ex: male kangaroos ‘boxing’ / Intersexual selection-females select mate based on physical traits or winning suitors.

17. Sexual selection Polygyny – males fertilize the eggs of many females. / Polyandry – one female mates with several males. / Monogamy – one male mates with one female – rare outside of the human species. Polygyny – males fertilize the eggs of many females. / Polyandry – one female mates with several males. / Monogamy – one male mates with one female – rare outside of the human species.