1. TIMING AND COORDINATION OF BEHAVIOR ARE REGULATED BY VARIOUS MECHANISMS AND ARE IMPORTANT IN NATURAL SELECTION Essential knowledge 2.E.3:

2. Ethology is the study of behavior Two types of behavior: Innate Behavior and Learned Behavior

3. Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others. Innate behaviors are behaviors that are inherited; “instinctive” behaviors A joey climbs into its mother's pouch upon being born.

4. Innate Behavior Sea turtles, newly hatched on a beach, will automatically move toward the ocean.

5. Innate Behavior Honeybees communicate by dancing in the direction of a food source without formal instruction.

6. Innate Behavior Other examples include animal fighting, animal courtship behavior, internal escape functions, and the building of nests.

7. Learned Behavior Learning occurs through interactions with the environment and other organisms.

8. Learned Behavior shaped through experience (through conditioning, punishment, reward, etc). Teaching a dog to roll over by giving a treat is an example of a learned behavior.

9. Responses to information and communication of information are vital to natural selection. In phototropism in plants, changes in the light source lead to differential growth, resulting in maximum exposure of leaves to light for photosynthesis.

10. Responses to information and communication of information are vital to natural selection. In photoperiodism in plants, changes in the length of night regulate flowering and preparation for winter.

11. Behaviors in animals are triggered by environmental cues and are vital to reproduction, natural selection and survival. Hibernation Estivation Migration Courtship

12. Cooperative behavior within or between populations contributes to the survival of the populations. Availability of resources leading to fruiting body formation in fungi and certain types of bacteria http://hw2iki.greenwich.wikispaces.net/file/view/so cial%20microorganisms%20crespi.pdf/419306676/s ocial%20microorganisms%20crespi.pdf http://hw2iki.greenwich.wikispaces.net/file/view/so cial%20microorganisms%20crespi.pdf/419306676/s ocial%20microorganisms%20crespi.pdf The evolution of social behavior in microorganisms Bernard J. Crespi

13. Cooperative behavior within or between populations contributes to the survival of the populations. Niche and resource partitioning

14. Cooperative behavior within or between populations contributes to the survival of the populations. Mutualistic relationships (lichens; bacteria in digestive tracts of animals; mycorrhizae)

15. Cooperative behavior within or between populations contributes to the survival of the populations. Biology of pollination