2. AP Biology Is this all you need to know about plants?

3. AP Biology Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in the evolution of vascular plants. Gathers sunlight, CO 2 Support leaves, conduit for water, nutrient transport Mine soil for water, minerals; Anchor point Mycorrhizae associate with root system to aid in mineral, water absorption

4. AP Biology Big Ideas  2.A.1) All living systems require constant input of free energy.  2.A.2) Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.  2.A.3) Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Illustrative Examples Illustrative Examples: -Mycorrhizae & Root Symbiosis -Bacteria & Root Symbiosis -Aquaporin and Water Intake -Casparian Strip & Water, Mineral Intake

5. AP Biology © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mix & Match Review: Ch. 36.1-2 1.Mycorrhizae 2.Transpiration 3.Stomata 4.Source-Sink 1.Hypertonic 2.Hypotonic 3.Aquaporins 4.Plasmolysis 1.Cotransport/Neutral solutes 2.Cotransport/Ionic solutes 3.Proton pump 4.Ion Channels 1, 7 3 2, 8

6. AP Biology Key Points 1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ systems”. 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO 2. This is a necessary balance of life. 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange.

7. AP Biology A

8. Physiological adaptation Dogs pee on trees…Why don’t trees pee on dogs? NH 3 animal waste plant nutrient

9. AP Biology Nutritional needs  Autotrophic does not mean autonomous  plants need…  sun as an energy source  inorganic compounds as raw materials  water (H 2 O)  CO 2  minerals

10. AP Biology

11. Macronutrients  Plants require these nutrients in relatively large amounts  C, H, N, O, P, S, K, Mg, Ca

12. AP Biology For what & from where? C macromolecule synthesisCO 2 O macromolecule synthesisCO 2 H macromolecule synthesis & proton pumpsH2OH2O N protein & nucleic acid synthesissoil P nucleic acids, ATP, phospholipidssoil K stomate control, water balancesoil Ca cell wall & membrane structure, regulationsoil Mg chlorophyllsoil S proteins, enzymessoil

13. AP Biology Micronutrients  Plants require in very small amounts  Cl, Fe, Mn, Bo, Zi, Ni, Mb  primarily cofactors for enzyme function

14. AP Biology Nutrient deficiencies  Lack of essential nutrients  exhibit specific symptoms  dependent on function of nutrient  dependent on solubility of nutrient

15. AP Biology Magnesium deficiency  Symptoms  chlorosis = yellowing of leaves  Why? What is magnesium’s function? Take 2 fertilizer pellets & call me in the morning

16. AP Biology Chlorophyll Why does magnesium deficiency cause chlorosis? The chlorosis shows up in older leaves first, because plant moves Mg + to newer leaves. Why?

17. AP Biology Key Points 1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ systems”. 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO 2. This is a necessary balance of life. 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange.

18. AP Biology Key Points 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil.

19. AP Biology The role of soils  Plants are dependent on soil quality  texture / structure  relative amounts of various sizes of soil particles  composition  organic & inorganic chemical components  fertility Agronomists really dig dirt!

20. AP Biology Importance of organic matter  Topsoil  most important to plant growth  rich in organic matter  humus  decomposing organic material breakdown of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves & other organic refuse by bacteria & fungi  improves soil texture  reservoir of minerals  organisms  1 tsp. of topsoil has ~5 billion bacteria living with fungi, algae, protists, insects, earthworms, nematodes So don’t rake your lawn or bag your leaves

21. AP Biology Fertilizers  “Organic” fertilizers  manure, compost, fishmeal  “Chemical” fertilizers  commercially manufactured  N-P-K (ex. 15-10-5)  15% nitrogen  10% phosphorus  5% potassium What are the political, economic, environmental issues?

22. AP Biology Nitrogen uptake  Nitrates  plants can only take up nitrate (NO 3 - )  Nitrogen cycle by bacteria  trace path of nitrogen fixation! What will the plant use N for? root

23. AP Biology Soybean root nodules  N fixation by Rhizobium bacteria  symbiotic relationship with bean family (legumes)

24. AP Biology Mycorrhizae increase absorption  Symbiotic relationship between fungi & plant  symbiotic fungi greatly increases surface area for absorption of water & minerals  increases volume of soil reached by plant  increases transport to host plant

25. AP Biology Mycorrhizae

26. AP Biology Increasing soil fertility  Cover crops  growing a field of plants just to plow them under  usually a legume crop  taking care of soil’s health  puts nitrogen back in soil erosion control, too A farmer… outstanding in his field? Plow it under? Why would you that?

27. AP Biology 2006-2007 Some plant oddities…

28. AP Biology Parasitic plants  tap into host plant vascular system Indian pipe Mistletoe

29. AP Biology Plants of peat bogs  High acid environment  most minerals & nutrients bound up & are not available to plants  must find alternative sources of nutrients

30. AP Biology Carnivorous plants Are they really carnivores? Pitcher plantVenus fly trap Sundew

31. AP Biology Pitcher plant

32. AP Biology Figure 36.7

33. AP Biology Water & mineral absorption  Water absorption from soil  osmosis  aquaporins  Mineral absorption  active transport  proton pumps  active transport of H + H2OH2O root hair aquaporin proton pumps

34. AP Biology Mineral absorption  Proton pumps  active transport of H + ions out of cell  chemiosmosis  H + gradient  creates membrane potential  difference in charge  drives cation uptake  creates gradient  cotransport of other solutes against their gradient

35. AP Biology Key Points 1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ systems”. 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO 2. This is a necessary balance of life. 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange.

36. AP Biology 1.Mycorrhizae 2.Water potential 3.Transpiration 4.Calvin cycle 5.Hydrogen bonding 6.Transpiration Pull 7.Phloem loading 8.Hypertonic 9.PS II, PS I 10.N fixation (N 2  NO 3 - ) 11.Mg/Fe Mix & Match Review I

37. AP Biology 1 2 3

38. 1 2 3 4 Water Ions (H +, K + ) Minerals Gases Toxic metals Various solutes

39. AP Biology Three Water Pathways

40. AP Biology Water flow through root  Porous cell wall  water can flow through cell wall route & not enter cells  plant needs to force water into cells Casparian strip

41. AP Biology Endodermis & Casparian strip

42. AP Biology Controlling the route of water in root  Endodermis  cell layer surrounding vascular cylinder of root  lined with impermeable Casparian strip  forces fluid through selective cell membrane  filtered & forced into xylem cells Aaaah… Structure–Function yet again!

43. AP Biology Key Points 1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ systems”. 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO 2. This is a necessary balance of life. 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange.

44. AP Biology Key Points 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull.

45. AP Biology Transport in plants  H 2 O & minerals  transport in xylem  transpiration  evaporation, adhesion & cohesion  negative pressure  Sugars  transport in phloem  bulk flow  Calvin cycle in leaves loads sucrose into phloem  positive pressure  Gas exchange  photosynthesis  CO 2 in; O 2 out  stomates  respiration  O 2 in; CO 2 out  roots exchange gases within air spaces in soil Why does over-watering kill a plant?

46. AP Biology Ascent of xylem fluid Transpiration pull generated by leaf

47. AP Biology Key Points 1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ systems”. 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO 2. This is a necessary balance of life. 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange.

48. AP Biology Key Points 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO 2. This is a necessary balance of life.

49. AP Biology Control of transpiration  Balancing stomate function  always a compromise between photosynthesis & transpiration  leaf may transpire more than its weight in water in a day…this loss must be balanced with plant’s need for CO 2 for photosynthesis

50. AP Biology Key Points 1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ systems”. 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO 2. This is a necessary balance of life. 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange.

51. AP Biology Key Points 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange.

52. AP Biology Regulatory Factors  Day-Night Cycle  Light-Intensity Levels  CO 2 concentration  Atmospheric Humidity or Internal Water Levels

53. AP Biology Regulating Stomatal Openings A B C D

54. AP Biology Chloroplasts Epidermal cell Nucleus Guard cell Thickened inner cell wall (rigid) Stoma openStoma closed H2OH2O water moves into guard cells H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O Control of Stomates K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ water moves out of guard cells  Uptake of K + ions by guard cells  proton pumps  water enters by osmosis  guard cells become turgid  Loss of K + ions by guard cells  water leaves by osmosis  guard cells become flaccid

55. AP Biology 1.CO 2 concentration 2.Light intensity 3.Stomate 4.K + Mix & Match Review II 1.Casparian strip 2.Transpiration pull 3.CO 2 concentration 4.Osmosis 1.Chemiosmosis 2.Transpiration pull 3.CO 2 concentration 4.Stomate

56. AP Biology Key Points 1) A vascular plant depends upon water, dissolved mineral ions, and organic compounds to sustain its cells, tissues, and “organ systems”. 2) Root systems, in concert with symbiotic organisms, ensure the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. 3) Plants lose water to the atmosphere via transpiration, which gives rise to transpiration pull. 4) Most plants face a dilemma: lose water but gain CO 2. This is a necessary balance of life. 5) Stomata control the balance between water conservation and gas exchange.