1. L.O.: SWBAT analyze and interpret the US Constitution. I.A.: (Written Response) Write down anything you remember about your previous study of the Constitution.

2. Amending the Articles of Confederation Constitutional Convention, 1787 – Delegates gathered to revise the AOC Representation Debate: How would states decide on the number of representatives sent to Congress? – The Great Compromise: Bicameral Legislature Senate: Equal representation among the states House of Representatives: representation proportional to state population – Three-Fifths Compromise: Slavery Five slaves count as three free persons Slave trade will be abolished in 1808

3. Ratification of the Constitution Federalists: Support Constitution – The original Constitution will suffice in protecting natural rights – Federalist Papers: Written to convince people to support ratification Clarifies original intent of Constitution writers Anti-Federalists: Oppose Constitution – The original Constitution does not sufficiently protect natural rights – A Bill of Rights needs to be added to the Constitution before ratification – Direct response to the lack of protection under British rule

4. Preamble The Preamble: Explains the purpose of the Constitution – That power comes from the people – To create a better, stronger national gov’t – To ensure a system of justice – To provide for peace at home – To provide of the defense of the nation – To promote the well-being of the people – To secure liberty to the people and to future generations

5. Principles of the Constitution Popular Sovereignty – Power to rule comes from the people Separation of Powers – Three branches of gov’t: legislative, executive, judicial Checks and Balances – Each branch of gov’t makes sure the other 2 do not gain too much power Flexibility – Constitution can change over time to best meet the needs of the people Federalism – Shared power between state and national gov’ts

6. Format of the Constitution Part I: Preamble Part II: Articles (I-VII) Part III: Bill of Rights – Amendments I-X Part IV: Amendments XI-XXVII

7. Executive Branch Chief Executive – Enforce laws, appoints judges/diplomats Chief Diplomat – Make treaties and agreements with other countries with the consent of Senate Commander in Chief – Broad military powers shared with congress Elected by the electoral college for a 4 year term – Two-term limit enforced by 22 nd amendment (1951)

8. Legislative Branch Lawmaking branch of gov’t – Elastic clause: Congress shall make all laws necessary and proper (flexibility!) House of Representatives – Selects president in the case of no majority – Brings impeachment charges – Deals with all money Senate – Jury in impeachment – Ratify treaties – Approve presidential appointments

9. Judicial Branch Supreme Court and lower federal courts Interpret the laws Each of the 50 states has their own court system Marbury v. Madison – Establishes judicial review: supreme court can rule on the constitutionality of laws

10. Amendment Process Proposed by Congress by a 2/3 majority vote in both houses  ratified by at least 38 states Proposed by Congress  ratified by 38 state conventions Proposed by national convention called by Congress  ratified by states (38) Proposed by national convention  ratified by 38 state convention

11. Bill of Rights: Individual Liberties Amendment 1 – Freedom of speech, religion, petition, peaceful assembly – Freedom of press in response to the outcome of the Peter Zenger trial under the British Amendment 2 – Right to possess firearms Amendment 3 – Gov’t cannot require citizens to house soldiers – Response to British Quartering Act

12. Bill of Rights: Rights of the Accused Amendment 4 – Protects against unreasonable search and seizure – Response to British writs of assistance Amendment 5 – Protection against self-incrimination Amendment 6 – Speedy public trial; legal council Amendment 7 – Trial by jury Amendment 8 – Prohibits excessive bail and cruel/unusual punishment

13. Bill of Rights: Supremacy of Law Amendment 9 – Rights not specifically mentioned by the Constitution rest with the people Amendment 10 – Powers not delegated to the national gov’t rest with the states and the people