1. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Paolo Favali Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy EMSO European Multidisciplinary Seafloor Observation

2. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon 3. International interest 4. Strategy 1. Introduction 2. Technology

3. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon 1. Introduction

4. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon What is the “Seafloor Observatory Science”? New Science studies the Earth as an integrated system: geosphere + biosphere + hydrosphere; searches for links among phenomena, traditionally separately studied; uses complex underwater observation systems. “Illuminating the Hidden Planet. The future of Seafloor Observatory Science”, NRC - National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 2000 “Illuminating the Hidden Planet. The future of Seafloor Observatory Science”, NRC - National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 2000

5. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Role of the Ocean in Climate Dynamics of oceanic lithosphere and Imaging Earth’s interior Fluids and Life in the Ocean Crust Coastal ocean processes Turbulent mixing and Biophysical interactions Ecosystem dynamics and Biodiversity “Illuminating the Hidden Planet. The future of Seafloor Observatory Science”, NRC - National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 2000 “Illuminating the Hidden Planet. The future of Seafloor Observatory Science”, NRC - National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 2000 Scientific Sectors

6. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Because … …more of 7/10 of the Earth surface are marine areas, almost unexplored; … Oceans influence the Climate and its variations; … many of the areas of geophysical and environmental interest lie on seafloors. Why to extend observations to the sea?

7. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon WHY SEAFLOOR OBSERVATORIES? To overcome limitations of traditional ship-based expeditions for data and samples gathering To study multiple, interrelated processes over time scales ranging from seconds to decades To allow (near) real-time communication of scientific data To advance research in the Ocean, Earth and Climate Sciences and for addressing social important issues

8. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon

9. 2. Technology

10. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon "seafloor observatories" “…the term "seafloor observatories" is used to describe an unmanned system of instruments, sensors, and command modules connected either acoustically or via a seafloor junction box to a surface buoy or a fibre optic cable to land. These observatories will have power and communication capabilities and will provide support for spatially distributed sensing systems and mobile platforms. Instruments and sensors will have the potential to make measurements from above the air-sea interface to below the seafloor and will provide support for in situ manipulative experiments….” “Illuminating the Hidden Planet. The future of Seafloor Observatory Science”, NRC - National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 2000

11. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Seafloor observatory is an unmanned station, capable of operating in the long-term at the seafloor, supporting the operation of a number of instrumented packages related to various disciplines, they can have as possible configurations: Definitions (1/2) 1) Autonomous: Observatory in stand-alone configuration for power, using battery packs, and with limited capacity of connection, using - for instance - capsules or acoustic link from the surface, which can transfer either status parameters or very limited quantity of data 2) Acoustically linked : Observatory able to communicate by acoustics to an infrastructure, like a moored buoy or another observatory 3) Cabled: Observatory having as infrastructure a submarine cable (retired cables, dedicated cables or shared cables devoted to other scientific activities, like Neutrino experiments) Favali & Beranzoli, Ann.Geophys., 2006

12. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Infrastructure as any system providing power and/or communication capacity to an observatory (e.g., a submarine cable, a moored buoy, another observatory); an infrastructure may also serve as support for other instrumented packages Instrumented package as sensor or instrument devoted to a specific observation task; may be hosted inside the observatory, operated autonomously, directly connected to an infrastructure or placed in the vicinity of an observatory and interfaced to it (so having the observatory as its infrastructure) Definitions (2/2) Favali & Beranzoli, Ann.Geophys., 2006

13. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Observatory concepts “acoustic linked observatory” “cabled observatory”

14. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Type of installation for seafloor observatory equipment On the seafloor Burial (partial or total) Borehole ORION-4 (SN-4) H2O OSN-1

15. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon GEOSTAR GEOST AR GEOSTAR GEophysical and Oceanographic STation for Abyssal Research Beranzoli et al., PEPI, 1998; Beranzoli, Favali & Smriglio (eds.), Dev. Mar. Tech., 12, Elsevier, 2002

16. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon GEOSTAR buoy GEOSTAR MODUS Winch/eom cable

17. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Scientific payload of GEOSTAR-class observatories Broad-band three comp. seismometer Magnetometers (vectorial, scalar) Gravity meter Hydrophones (for geophysics & bioacoustics) Tsunami sensors (high resolution pressure) ADCP Single point three comp. current meter CTD + Transmissometer Gas sensors (e.g., H 2 S, CH 4, O 2 ) Automatic chemical analyser (pH, eH) Radiometer/Nuclear spectrometer (nat. & anthrop. radionuclides) Automatic water sampler (48 bottles, off-line) Additional mountable payloads: −Pore pressure sensors −Heat flux probes −TV cameras ….and……and…. Unique time reference High precision clock (stability 10 -9 ÷ 10 -11 ) Favali et al., Ann.Geophys., 2006

18. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon GEOSTAR SN-3 GMM SN-4 MABEL (SN-2) Platform Overall dimensions (m) (L x W x H) Weight (kN) (in air) Weight (kN) (in water) Depth rated (m) GEOSTAR3.50 x 3.50 x 3.30 25.414.24000 SN-12.90 x 2.90 x 2.90 14.08.54000 SN-32.90 x 2.90 x 2.90 14.08.54000 SN-42.00 x 2.00 x 2.00 6.63.41000 GMM1.50 x 1.50 x 1.50 1.50.71000 MABEL (SN-2) 2.90 x 2.90 x 2.90 14.08.54000 SN-1 A FLEET OF 6 SEAFLOOR OBSERVATORIES SINGLE-FRAME (GEOSTAR-class) Favali et al., Ann.Geophys., 2006

19. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Networking EC Project ASSEM (2002-2004) GMM ORION NODE-4 (SN-4) M1 Blandin et al., Ocean. Series 69, 2003 Marinaro et al., Environ. Geology, 2004 Rolin et al., Proc. Ocean 2005, 2005 Marinaro et al., Geo-Marine Lett., 2006 Corinth Gulf experiment 400 & 42 (GMM) m w.d. (2004; 9 months)

20. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Networking EC Project ORION-GEOSTAR3 (2002-2005) Satellite node PCPC GEOSTAR (main node) Buoy Shore station Ship of opportunity Satellite node Satellite Favali et al., Ann.Geophys., 2006 GEOSTAR ORION NODE-3 (SN-3) Marsili volcanic seamount experiment (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea) 3300 m w.d. (2003-2005; 14 months)

21. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Offshore Ustica (2000 m w.d.) Sep.00-Apr.01 Offshore Catania (2105 m w.d.) Oct.02-May 03 Real time (cabled) Jan.05-on Marsili Volcano (3320 m w.d.) Dec.03-Apr.04 Jun.04-May 05 GEOSTARSN-1 ORION Node 3 ORION Node 4 GMMMABEL Adriatic Sea (44 m w.d.) Aug.-Sep.98 Patras Gulf (40 m w.d.) Apr.-Jul.04 Sep.04-Jan.05 Corinth Gulf (400 m w.d.) Apr-Nov 04 Seafloor Experiments (1998-2007) 23 deployment & recovery successful operations down to > 3300 m w.d. > 100 Gbytes (binary data), equivalent to > 2000 days of operation Weddell Sea (1874 m w.d.) Dec.05-on GEOSTAR 85 km offshore C.S. Vicente in the Sagres Plateau (Portugal) at 3200 m depth (Aug.07 –on)

22. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon 3. International interest

23. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon North East Pacific Time-series Undersea Networked Experiment NEPTUNE (USA/Canada) http://www.neptune.washington.edu

24. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon MARS Monterey Accelerated Research System NEPTUNE Stage 1 http://www.venus.uvic.ca http://www.mbari.org/mars

25. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon JMA a) JMA Omaezaki System (1978) JMA b) JMA Off-Boso System (1985) ERI c) ERI Off-Ito City System (1994) NIED d) NIED Hiratsuka System (1995) ERI e) ERI Off Sanriku Seismic Network (1995)JAMSTEC: A) Real Time Deep Sea Floor Observatory Off Hatsushima Island in Sagami Bay (1993) B) Long-Term Deep Sea Floor Observatory Off Muroto Peninsula (1997) C) Long-Term Deep Sea Floor Observatory Off Kushiro-Tokachi (1999) Cable Connected Ocean Bottom Observatories (Japan)

26. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon DONET - Dense Ｏ cean floor Ｎ etwork system for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (JAMSTEC, JAPAN) 20 Pressure gauges Sensors over 20 Seismometers www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec-e/maritec/donet/

27. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Major European Partnership GEOSTAR (1), GEOSTAR 2 (2), MABEL (3), NEMO - SN-1 (4), ASSEM (5), ORION-GEOSTAR 3 (6), ESONET-CA (7), KM3NET-DS (8), NEAREST (9), ESONET-NoE (10) Italy INGV (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) Tecnomare-ENI (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) Istituto di Scienze Marine-CNR (1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (4, 8, 10) Germany Technische Fachhochschule Berlin (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10) Technische Universit ä t Berlin (1, 2, 3, 4, 6) IFM-GEOMAR (KDM) (4, 6, 7, 10) France IFREMER (1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10)

28. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Arctic Norwegian Margin Porcupine Azores Black Sea Hellenic Ligurian Sea Iberian Margin Eastern Sicily Nordic Sea Marmara 11 Key-sites ESONET GOALS: Geohazards Global change Biodiversity ESONET EC Concerted Action (2002-2004) EC Network of Excellence (2007-2011)

29. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Optical sensors Electronic vessels Favali et al., NIMA, 2006; Migneco et al., NIMA, 2006 NEMO - SN-1 NEMO - SN-1 : The first real-time cabled seafloor observatory in EUROPE ESONET Eastern Sicily node since January 2005 (since January 2005) Established on the basis of an agreement between (MoU, 2001): Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) INGV

30. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon 4. Strategy Towards the multidisciplinary seafloor observation networks The NEW FRONTIER

31. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon

32. European Commission European Commission September 2006 September 2006 ESFRI - European Strategy Forum for Research Infrastructures REPORT “European Roadmap for Research Infrastructures” Selection of Selection of 35 new large-scale Research Infrastructures “Research Infrastructures” refers to tools that provide essential services to the scientific community for basic or applied research European Multidisciplinary Seafloor Observatory EMSO http://cordis.europa.eu/esfri/

33. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon EMSO-Preparatory Phase Start: 1 st April 2008 (4 years) Coordinator: INGV - Paolo Favali (Representing the Italian Funding Agency: University & Research Ministry) Main objectives: To establish the governance entity for the EMSO infrastructure serving scientists and stakeholders in and outside Europe for long-term deep water observations and investigations To enable the deployment of the infrastructure and its long-term management, including the solution of technical bottlenecks To promote the catalytic process and synergic effort at EC and national levels, coordinating and harmonising all available resources

34. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Project Costs: € 5.402.220 / EC Funding: € 3.900.000 Kick-off meeting held in Wien on 14 st April 2008 General Information

35. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Work-Breakdown Structure Work packageWork package title Lead beneficiary WP 1ManagementINGV WP 2Governance structureINGV WP 3Legal workIMI WP 4Financial workUIT WP 5Business planIMI WP 6Logistic workUTM-CSIC WP 7Strategic workKDM WP 8Technical workIFREMER

36. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Project Objectives 1.Definition and agreement upon the governance and legal form for the Core Legal Entity (CLE) and for each Regional Legal Entities (RLEs) 2.Design of a funding plan including contributions from national, European, and international funding resources. More specifically, a business plan covering both the investment and the operational expenditures for the first decade of service will be set up 3.Achievement of a long-term commitment from the involved funding agencies will be obtained through the activation of discussion tables where the largest possible political convergence will be reached and formalised in specific agreement protocols and MoUs 4.Definition of operational procedures with regard to deployed instrumentation, logistic intervention and maintenance will be defined 5.Definition of a long-term strategy and choice of sites 6.Establishment of the engineering specifications for each chosen site

37. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Issues to be solved The diversity of regional sites in terms of available legal frameworks; The harmonisation of funding (National, European, International, industrial) with respect to scope, objectives, and timing; The logistic constraints regarding available resources, and environmental protection; Possible technical bottle necks for which currently no off-the-shelf solution is available

38. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon WPs Interconnections WPs are dedicated to 2 major groups of activities Creation of EMSO organisational Body Design of EMSO technical-economic plan

39. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Technical Economic Plan Creation of EMSO organisation body FUNDING AGENCIES AGREEMENT AND COMMITTMENT EMSO-PP will constitute the roundtable to build consensus among Nations

40. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Decision Making Structure of EMSO-PP

41. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Advisory Board (1/2) It will be composed of external members –Scientists, technologists, managers and legal advisors, providing the required expertise and coming also from outside the Europe In charge of: –Overseeing the project development and advising continuously on the progress; –Providing expert support on specific matters (e.g., legal, financial, engineering); –Networking with other infrastructure projects, providing hints on possible integration and sharing of solutions

42. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Membership:Membership: 1.ESFRI-European Strategy Forum for Research Infrastructures (EC) 2.KM3NET-PP (EC) 3.JAMSTEC-Japan Agency for Marine-earth Science and TEChnology (Japan) 4.ONC-Ocean Network Canada (Canada) 5.OOI-Ocean Observatory Initiative (USA) 6.EIB-European Investment Bank (Europe) Advisory Board (2/2)

43. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Regional Legal Entities (RLEs) Integration of regional infrastructures managing sub-sea observatory sites (RLEs-Regional Legal Entities) all having a single coordination entity (CLE-Core Legal Entity) Ultimate output of organisation body set-up

44. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Analysis of European structures with similar characteristics Benchmarks with existing organisations at European level (e.g., CERN, ESA, EMBL, etc.) Different solutions of management, decision making procedures and responsibilities will be reviewed with respect to possible application to EMSO

45. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Example 1 (EMBL) www.embl.org

46. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Example 2 (Elettra synchrotron) www.elettra.trieste.it

47. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Financial engineering ResearchInfrastructure MemberStatesEuropeanCommissionOtherStakeholders (e.g., Industry) EIB Funding through national programmes Funding through RTD programmes or inclusion in DG- REGIO/DG-DEV strategic plans Loans Up to 50% of project costs

48. International Workshop on a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope for the Mediterranean Sea VLVnT08 - Toulon Thank you for your attention EMSO coordination team emsopp@ingv.it