1. Criminal Investigation Basic Perspectives CHAPTER Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston THIRTEENTH EDITION Crimes of Violence 8

2. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Homicide There are various degrees of criminal homicide. First-degree murder  The premeditated killing of another human being with malice, or wrongful intent  Felony murder rule continued on next slide

3. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Homicide Second-degree murder  The killing of another without the element of premeditation continued on next slide

4. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Homicide Manslaughter  The unlawful killing of another without malice or premeditation, either voluntarily or involuntarily Voluntary manslaughter  Killing that is done in the heat of passion continued on next slide

5. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Homicide Involuntary manslaughter  Occurs while the perpetrator was involved in the commission of an unlawful act not amounting to a felony continued on next slide

6. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Homicide The corpus delicti of homicide  An evidentiary showing of the death of a human being  An evidentiary showing of a criminal agency continued on next slide

7. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Homicide The corpus delicti of homicide  An evidentiary showing that the criminal agency was the proximate cause of the death  Criminal agency means the death was caused by another person's unlawful act or omission. continued on next slide

8. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Homicide "Suspicious death" investigations  Circumstances indicate violence or foul play.  Death occurs in a place other than the residence of the deceased.  The deceased is not under the care of a physician at the time of death.

9. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Autopsy Major method of detecting murder The autopsy as an extension of the crime scene Offers additional opportunities to search for clues and evidence

10. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Medicolegal Laboratory Services Determine whether a death was caused by criminal agency, and to identify the deceased and the cause of death  Report of the postmortem examination  The preamble  External appearance continued on next slide

11. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Medicolegal Laboratory Services Determine whether a death was caused by criminal agency, and to identify the deceased and the cause of death  Internal examination  A reasoned opinion of the cause of death based in the facts found  Signature of the examiner continued on next slide

12. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Medicolegal Laboratory Services Pathologists classify the nature of wounds  Incised wounds  Lacerated wounds  Contusions  Abrasions  Gunshot wounds  Age of wound  Opinion about wound

13. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Autopsy Autopsy reports should include:  Cause of death  If a weapon or substance caused death, the nature of the fatal wounds or injuries  Time of death in relationship to wound continued on next slide

14. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Autopsy Autopsy reports should include:  Whether the scene where the body was discovered was the death scene  Evidence of chronic illness or other disease  Evidence of blood, hair, or skin other than the victim's  Evidence of sexual knowledge or deviancy

15. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Suicide, Accident, or Criminal Homicide? Many suicides do not leave notes. Motive aids in the determination of the type of death. All suspicious deaths need an investigation.

16. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Identification of the Victim Identification of the victim becomes a problem if the death occurs in a public place. Partial remains can be identified by:  Fingerprints.  Dental work.  Bones.  Surgical procedures.

17. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Time of Death Window of death Algor mortis  After death the body begins to cool. Rigor mortis  Biochemical changes in the body after death produce stiffening of the muscles continued on next slide

18. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Time of Death Postmortem lividity  Blood settles to the lowest portion of the body.  Noticeable approximately within one hour after death; fully developed within 3 to 4 hours  Appears as blue or reddish marks on the skin continued on next slide

19. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Time of Death Putrefaction begins at the time of death as a result of two processes.  Autolysis Occurs by a chemical breakdown of the body that results in the softening and liquefaction of body tissue  Bacterial action Converts body tissue into liquids and gases continued on next slide

20. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Time of Death Putrefaction begins at the time of death as a result of two processes.  Greenish-red or blue-green color pronounced within 36 hours  Produces gases that cause the body to swell  Environmental factors influence rate of decomposition.

21. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Criminal Homicide Investigation Checklist Stage 1: Crime scene Stage 2: Postscene Stage 3: Lead development Stage 4: Identification and arrest Stage 5: Case preparation

22. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Stage 1: Crime Scene Evidence  Be alert, collect and record evidence Witnesses  Identify and interview witnesses Suspects  Known or unknown idenity Crime theory  Needs to be developed

23. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Stage 2: Postscene Cause of death Time of death Criminal agency  Means of death (weapon used or recovered) Crime theory

24. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Stage 3: Lead Development Victim  Background and activities Last hours  Contacts and activities at and before death Motive  The pattern of criminal homicide Opportunities  Determine known and unknown persons

25. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Stage 4: Identification and Arrest Identification of Killer  Review of evidence Focus Case Negative Evidence  Alibi, self-defense, intent, records Arrest

26. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Stage 5: Case Preparation Final Crime theory Review Evidence Reinvestigate

27. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Patterns of Criminal Homicide The anger killing The triangle killing The revenge or jealousy killing Killing for profit The random killing Murder-suicide Sex and sadism Felony murder

28. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Motive for Murder: Relationships Spouse (or ex-) Common-law spouse (or ex-) Boyfriend; girlfriend (or ex-) Live-in boyfriend; girlfriend (or ex-) Sister; brother Mother; father Daughter; son continued on next slide

29. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Motive for Murder: Relationships Other relative Friend of family; relative Neighbor Business associate Acquaintance Seen before (as "known from neighborhood")

30. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Multicide Multicide is the killing of a number of victims by one or more persons working in concert.  Mass murder Homicide of four or more victims during a single event at one location  Spree murder The killing of three or more persons within a relatively short time frame continued on next slide

31. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Multicide Multicide is the killing of a number of victims by one or more persons working in concert.  Serial murder Two or more separate murders when an individual, acting alone or with another, commits multiple homicides over a period of time with breaks between each murder event continued on next slide

32. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Multicide Several types of serial murderers based upon their motivation for the killing:  Visionary serial killer  Mission serial killer  Hedonistic serial killer  Power and control serial killer

33. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Stalking Celebrity stalker  Victim known on an impersonal level (actor, sports star) Lust  Predatory sex, escalates to murder Hit stalker  Professional killer continued on next slide

34. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Stalking Love-scorned stalker  Intends violence against known victim Domestic stalker  Ex-lover or spouse Political stalker  Selected victim is a stranger to the assailant.

35. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Assaults Assault  An unlawful attempt, coupled with the present ability, to commit an injury on the person of another Battery  An unlawful beating or wrongful harm inflicted on a human being without consent continued on next slide

36. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Assaults Violent injury equals force in assault cases. Aggravated assault is assault with a deadly weapon or an assault in which serious injuries are inflicted. Altercations, disorderly conduct, disturbing the peace

37. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Child Abuse The intentional and deliberate assault upon a child in which serious bodily injury is inflicted by a parent, foster parent, babysitter, day-care worker, or other person in a non-parental relationship.  Serious bodily injury is the standard that separates abuse from discipline. continued on next slide

38. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Child Abuse Burn injuries make up about 10% of all child abuse cases. Deliberate immersion burn  The depth of the burn is uniform.  Result from a child falling or being placed into a tub or other container of hot liquid continued on next slide

39. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Child Abuse Contact burns  Caused by flames or hot solid objects  Cigarette or iron burns continued on next slide

40. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Child Abuse Munchausen syndrome  Psychological disorder in which the patient fabricates the symptoms of disease or injury Munchausen syndrome by proxy  A parent or caregiver attempts to bring medical attention to themselves by injuring or inducing illness in their children. continued on next slide

41. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Child Abuse Factors likely to influence physicians to link discovered injuries in a child with child abuse  Delays in seeking medical care  Injuries not reported by parent or guardian  Bruises or broken bones in an infant  Age dating of bruises indicating that they were sustained at different times continued on next slide

42. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Child Abuse Shaken baby syndrome  Occurs primarily in children 18 months of age or younger  Retinal hemorrhage Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)