1. Energy in Earth Processes Unit 4

2. What is Energy? Energy is _____________________________ Everything that is done in the universe involves the _______________________________ Most of Earth’s surface processes are powered by energy from the ______________ the ability to do work use or transfer of energy sun

3. Electromagnetic Energy Electromagnetic energy is a type of energy that is ___________________ in a form of transverse waves Transverse waves: ______________________________________ ______________________________________ __________________ __________ radiated or given off Waves that vibrate at right angles in the direction in which they are moving

4. Transverse Waves Direction of Travel Crest Trough Wavelength Amplitude

5. Electromagnetic Energy ______________________ are a type of electromagnetic energy that is radiated by the sun and observed with the human eye – This is the ONLY part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by the human eye! Visible light waves

6. Characteristics and Types of Electromagnetic Energy Different types of electromagnetic energy are distinguished by their _____________________ The wavelength is the distance from __________ ______________________ The _____________________shows us the different types of electromagnetic energy in order of __________________ wavelength different wavelengths one crest of a wave to the next crest electromagnetic spectrum increasing

7. Where can you find the electromagnetic spectrum chart????? LABEL! Microwaves InfraredUltraviolet X-Rays

8. Relationship Between Wavelength & Frequency Long Wavelength Low Frequency Short Wavelength High Frequency

9. Electromagnetic energy can be separated into two groups by comparing it wavelengths to visible light Electromagnetic energy with a wavelength longer than visible light is called: __________________________ Electromagnetic energy with a wavelength shorter than visible light is called a: ___________ Long-wave electromagnetic energy short wave

10. Interactions of Electromagnetic Energy When electromagnetic energy comes into contact with a material, the waves interact with the material. These interactions are as follows: 1._________________: Bent in their passage through materials or varying density 2.___________________: Bounced off the material 3. ___________________: Refracted or reflected in various directions Refracted Reflected Scattered

11. Refraction:

12. Reflection:

13. Interactions of Electromagnetic Energy 4. _________________: Passed through the material 5. __________________: Taken into the material Transmitted Absorbed

14. Absorption Characteristics of a surface determine the ______________________________________ ________ Example: The darker the color of the surface material, the __________________________ amount of electromagnetic energy that can be absorbed more visible light it will absorb

15. Absorption The ______________ or roughness or smoothness of a surface also affects the amount of electromagnetic energy that will be absorbed The _________________, the more energy it will absorb and the less it will reflect texture rougher a surface is

16. Absorption The more effective a material is at absorbing electromagnetic energy, the better it will also be at ______________________________ radiating or giving off electromagnetic energy TEMP

17. Transfer of Energy Energy moves from a region of high concentration or _______ to a region of ___________________or sink Transfer of energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature is called ____________________ Heat transfers ___________________, which is the energy of the motions of atoms and molecules source low concentration heat energy thermal energy

18. Dynamic Equilibrium Heat will continue to move from the source to the sink until their _________________establishing a __________________ At dynamic equilibrium, a region loses and gains ________________________ energies are equal dynamic equilibrium equal amounts of energy

19. Methods of Transfer 1 3 2 Conduction Convection Radiation

20. Methods of Transfer Heat is transferred from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by three different methods: #1 __________________ - The transfer of heat energy from atom to atom or molecule to molecule when vibrating atoms collide Most effective in _________________________ because the atoms or molecules are closer together than in__________________ Conduction solids (especially metals) liquids or gases

21. CONDUCTION ANIMATION

22. Methods of Transfer #2 __________________ The transfer of heat by movement in fluids – __________________ - caused by differences in density Warmer portions of fluid tend to have _____________ and tend to _____________ _______________ Convection gases and liquids lower densities rise above the cooler portions

23. CONVECTION ANIMATION

24. Methods of Transfer Higher-density portions of fluid are pulled down and _______________________pushing them upwards ****The result is ___________________***** Convection current: A circulatory motion that transfers _______________________________ displace less dense objects convection current heat energy from one place to another

25. Convection Current

26. Sea Breeze

27. Land Breeze

28. Methods of Transfer #3 __________________ The method by which heat is transferred via electromagnetic waves (ex. Light rays passing through window) Can occur in____________________ and does not require ___________________________ Radiation a medium to transfer the energy liquids, solids and gases

29. RADIATION ANIMATION

30. Animation

31. Transformation of Energy A transformation of energy is the changing of ______________________________________ Mechanical Energy: 1. All the energy of an object or system _____________________________________ ________ 2. The total of the ________________________ of an object or system one type of energy into another type of energy not related to the motions of the atoms and molecules potential and kinetic energy

32. Transformation of Energy __________________: An object in motion has this type of energy __________________: Energy related to position or phase; Also thought of as “stored” energy Either kinetic or potential energy can be _________________________ Kinetic Potential transformed into the other

33. Examples of Kinetic and Potential Energy Frog sitting on lily pad Frog jumping into the water Baseball pitcher standing at the mound Baseball pitcher throwing a pitch Child sitting on top of a playground slide Child going down a slide

34. One of the best examples! Video

35. Temperature and Heat The temperature of an object is directly related to the amount ___________________________ _____________ Temperature: A measure of the _____________ _________________________________ - NOT A TYPE OF ENERGY!! of heat or thermal energy in the object or region average kinetic energy of the particles of a body of matter

36. The greater the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter, the __________________ ____________ higher the temperature Temperature and Heat

37. Specific Heat: The quantity of heat needed ______________________________________ _____ Specific heat can also be thought of as the _____________________to heating or cooling off Example:___________ has the highest specific heat of naturally occurring substances to raise the temperature of 1g of any substance 1°C resistance a material has Liquid water Animation

39. Question Equal masses of lead, granite, basalt, and water at 5°C are exposed to equal quantities of heat energy. Which would be the first to show a temperature rise of 10°C? 1.Lead 2.Granite 3.Basalt 4.Water

40. Changes of State Matter can exist in three different states: _____,_____,_________ An increase or decrease in energy and temperature of matter can cause the matter to _____________________________ Solid liquid and gas change from one state to another

41. Examples of Phases 1. _________________: Changing from solid to liquid 2. _______________: Changing from liquid to solid (aka freezing) 3. ________________: Changing from liquid to gas or vapor Melting Solidification Evaporation

42. Examples of Phases 4. _________________: Changing of gas or vapor to a liquid 5. _______________: Changing of gas DIRECTLY to solid Condensation Sublimation

43. When a material is going through a phase change, its temperature will _______________ as it is heated (the heat energy is not increasing the kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules) In order for a change of state to occur from solid to liquid, or from liquid to gas, the substance must _____________________________ In order for a change of state to occur from a gas to liquid, or from liquid to a solid, the substance must______________________________ remain the same gain heat lose stored heat

44. Animation

45. Where can you find information about energy gained/lost during phase changes for water??

46. Sample Questions Water loses energy when it changes phase from: A.Liquid to solid B.Solid to liquid C.Liquid to gas D.Solid to gas

47. Sample Questions During which phase change will the greatest amount of energy be absorbed by 1 gram of water? A.Melting B.Freezing C.Evaporation D.Condensation