2. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Compare the policies of Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter toward the Soviet Union. Discuss changing U.S. foreign policy in the developing world. Identify the successes and failures of Carter’s foreign policy in the Middle East. Objectives

3. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Terms and People Helsinki Accords − a document that put the nations of Europe on record in favor of human rights, endorsed by the U.S. and Soviet Union in a 1975 meeting human rights − the basic rights that every human being is entitled to have SALT II − an agreement between the United States and Soviet Union to limit nuclear arms production boat people − people who fled communist- controlled Vietnam on boats, looking for refuge in Southeast Asia, the United States, and Canada

4. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Terms and People (continued) sanctions − penalties developing world − the poor nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America Camp David Accords − agreements that provided the framework for a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel Ayatollah Khomeini − a fundamentalist Islamic cleric who took power in Iran when the Shah fled in 1979

5. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles The Vietnam War caused many Americans to question the direction of the nation’s foreign policy. Debates about détente, human rights, and which regimes deserved American support became part of the national conversation. What were the goals of American foreign policy during the Ford and Carter years, and how successful were Ford’s and Carter’s policies?

6. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Gerald Ford continued Nixon’s policies of détente with the Soviet Union after he took office in 1974. The United States continued disarmament talks with the Soviets that led to SALT II. Ford also endorsed the Helsinki Accords, a document that put major nations on record in support of human rights.

7. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles South Vietnam fell to the communists. Many of the boat people eventually found refuge in the United States and Canada. The U.S. sought to put the Vietnam War in the past.

8. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Early in his presidency, Jimmy Carter continued Nixon’s and Ford’s policies toward the Soviet Union. In June 1979, Carter signed the SALT II arms control treaty despite opposition from many Americans who believed it jeopardized U.S. security. The U.S. Senate held heated debates about whether to vote for the treaty, which angered the Soviet Union. Despite the signed treaty, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to support its communist government. Carter withdrew SALT II from Congress and imposed sanctions on the Soviets.

9. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Jimmy Carter changed the course of American foreign policy by declaring it would be guided by a concern for human rights. Carter’s beliefs about human rights changed the way that the U.S. dealt with countries in the developing world. The U.S. stopped sending money to countries that ignored their citizens’ rights, such as Nicaragua. Carter also decided to return the Panama Canal Zone to Panama by 1999. Although some Americans feared that this would weaken national security, the Canal Zone treaties were ratified in 1978 and Panama now has full control of the canal.

10. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Carter helped to negotiate a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel known as the Camp David Accords. Egypt became the first Arab nation to officially recognize the nation of Israel.

11. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles In Iran, fundamentalist Islamic clerics led by Ayatollah Khomeini seized power. Radical students took over the U.S. Embassy and held 66 Americans hostage. President Carter failed to win all of the hostages’ release– evidence to some that his foreign policy was not tough enough.

12. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles The U.S. Hostage Crisis in Iran 444 Days in Captivity

13. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Background of the Shah First came to power during WWII Deposed in the late forties Reinstalled by a CIA-led coup in 1953 approved by the Eisenhower administration

14. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles The “White Revolution” Divested the clergy of their vast landholdings Declared new rights for women –Right to vote –Right to attend university Dramatically increased urbanization and industrialization Exiles the Ayatollah Khomeini after he criticizes the Shah

15. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Westernize or Bust! Most Iranians did not want to abandon their rich heritage for Western Ways Found inspiration in the sermons of Muslim leaders who denounced the material West The Shah maintained control with harsh repression and brutality –SAVAK

16. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Allah Hu Akbar, Marg Bar Shah! Demonstrations increased demanding the shah be deposed Demonstrators demanded the return of the exiled Ayatollah Khomeini The country was out of control

17. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Exit the Shah! Offers the premiership to Dr. Shahpur Bahktiar Leaves the country January 16, 1979 The Ayatollah was invited back Tens of thousands of demonstrators demanded the return of an Islamic state. Dr. Bahktiar leaves

18. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Islamic State Returns Enemies of the Islamic Revolution are tried and executed All political parties and organizations are banned Independent and non-Islamic newspapers are closed. Banks and Industries are Nationalized.

19. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Iranian Revolution Escalates US interests in the Persian Gulf are threatened. –No access to Iranian Oil –Cancellation of $7 billion of uncompleted arms contracts Anti American sentiment runs high.

20. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Iran’s Hostage Demands Return the Shah for trial Return the Shah’s wealth to the people of Iran Admission of guilt by the US An apology and promise to stay out of Iran’s affairs.

21. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles “Marg Bar Amrika!” Sunday, November 4, 1979 the US Embassy in Teheran is stormed Sixty-six hostages taken

22. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles President Carter’s Response Refused to send the Shah back Froze all Iranian Government financial assets Forbade American companies from buying Iranian oil 13 hostages freed

23. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles U.S. Reaction to Hostage Crisis Demonstrations at the Iranian Embassy in the US Record sales of Iranian flags, which were then burned Iranian Americans were harassed

24. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Renewed Sense of Patriotism Hostages became a national obsession Yellow Ribbon

25. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles America’s Frustration Grows On April 7, President Carter announces the severing of diplomatic relations with Iran Complete economic embargo Inventory of financial claims against Iran to be paid from Iranian assets in the U.S. All Iranian diplomats are told to leave the country in 24 hours.

26. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Operation Eagle Claw April 24, 1980 8 helicoptors from the Nimitz were to rendezvous with 6 transports at Desert One Then fly to Desert Two to drive to Teheran where the CIA had arranged for several Iranians to help storm the embassy

27. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Mission Aborted! The first mission for the newly formed Delta Force Pilots did not have experience, flying at night, flying low, and in sand storms. The sandstorm disabled three helicoptors, one collided with a transport and both burst into flames killing eight Americans

28. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles President Carter Accepts Full Blame Little hope for a second attempt because the hostages were dispersed to various locations Carter’s popularity sinks The Shah dies in July

29. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles 1980 Presidential Campaign The Reagan-Bush team realized that the hostage issue would determine the election Americans needed to hear stirring phrases of national purpose, and believe in the future. Wins by a landslide, Nov. 4 Started selling arms to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua, using the money to pay Iran ransom

30. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles The Hostages are Freed Carter released $8 billion in frozen Iranian assets the morning of the inauguration The hostages board planes

31. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Where Are They Now? The Shah’s son is attended school at USC Trained as a pilot in the US Airforce Acknowledges some of the evil that his father was accused of Is gathering support to return to Iran

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33. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Two Views: Liberalism and Conservatism Liberalism equals Democrats Valued social programs Bigger Government/Government should take care of the people Conservatism equals Republican Lower taxes/keep money in the hands of people Smaller Government

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35. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles The Conservative Movement Gained Strength Liberalism lost appeal due to Vietnam War and Counter-Culture Conservatives believed Government spent too much money on programs like welfare which promoted the number of children born out of wedlock and supported people who chose not to work

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39. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Reaganomics Guides the Economy Supply Side Economics –Reduce taxes –People have more to spend –Factories must make more, putting more people back to work –Government can collect more taxes

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41. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Reagan Challenges Communism Most military peace time spending ever Simply outspent the Soviets Strategic Defense Initiative/Star Wars Supported Anti-communist movement around globe New Leader in the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev/Stain Head

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46. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Continued… MG promised two things: Glasnost equals New Openness in Soviet Society Perestroika equals Restructuring of Soviet Society –Moving away from a socialist controlled economy –Created an opening for a shift in relations between the US and the Soviet Union

47. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Cold War Ends Berlin Wall comes down-1989 East & West Germany reunite No more Communism in Eastern Europe/no more Warsaw Pact Soviet Union falls apart & Cold War is over –December 25, 1991 –Breaks into 15 independent Republics –Boris Yeltsin leader of the largest new republic, Russian Federation Who’s our enemy?

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49. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles George H.W. Bush Succeeds Ronald Reagan as the next President

50. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles New Issues Emerge The Persian Gulf War –Saddam Hussein is the ruthless dictator of Iraq Led from 1979 to 2003 –Invades Kuwait in 1990 Economic Reasons –President Bush made it clear he wouldn’t tolerate Iraq’s aggression and built an international coalition & demanded Iraqi troops withdraw

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54. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Operation Desert Storm- January 1991

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57. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Bill Clinton Bush is seen as old and out of touch

58. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Osama Bin Laden Leader of Al-Qaeda, terrorist organization Killed May 2, 2011 in Pakistan

59. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles The hostage crisis showed that the Soviet Union was no longer the only threat to America. Conflicts in the Middle East threatened to become the greatest foreign policy challenge for the United States.

60. Section 3 Foreign Policy Troubles Section Review Know It, Show It Quiz QuickTake Quiz