1. CONFLICTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST 18.4

2. Setting the Stage After WWII the UN decided that the Jewish people in Europe should get their own nation. Came at a heavy price due to opposition in the Middle East.

3. Israel Becomes a State Palestine Mandate (1921) made of Arabs and Jews UN decided to partition the Palestine Mandate in 1947 to give Jews their own nation Divided between Arabs and Jews around their population centers. Jerusalem was to be an international city owned by neither side All of the Islamic countries voted against this.

4. Israel and Arab States in Conflict Day after Israel proclaimed itself a state six Islamic countries attacked Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, + Syria invaded Israel Israel quickly won w/ Western military tech. Full scale war between Israel and these countries broke out in1956, 1967, and 1973. Land exchanges and population shifts throughout these wars.

5. 1956 Suez Crisis 1956 – Egypt seized control of the Suez Canal from the British Then, Egyptian President Gamal Nasser blockaded Israeli shipping Gamal upset that U.S. + Br did not help him fund the construction of the Aswan Dam ∴ he took the canal British outraged = organize plans w/ France + Israel to take back the canal Easily defeated Egypt BUT both US + SU pressured Br to withdrawal They were worried of sparking a new global conflict Egypt keeps Suez Canal

6. Arab-Israeli Wars Continue SU had been supplying Egypt w/ military supplies 1967 Nasser + its Arab allies were ready to attack Israel again Nasser confident he would quickly take down Israel this time...

7. Six-Day War Arabs surrounded Israel ∴ Israel launched air attacks on airfields in Egypt, Iran, Syria, + Jordan Sent its ground troops to attack at their border on 3 fronts → lightning attacks Only took Israel 6 days to defeat all the Arab countries Israel lost 800 soldiers, Arab countries lost 15,000

8. Six-Day War Consequences of the Six-Day War Israel gained part of Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, and the West Bank Could serve as a buffer against future attacks

9. Yom Kippur War Nasser was replaced by Anwar Sadat in Egypt In 1973 he decided to attack Israel on Yom Kippur Caught the Israelis by surprise and took heavy casualties + lost land Israel under new Prime Minister Goulda Meir launched a counterattack and gained land lost Within a few weeks they agreed to a ceasefire

10. Efforts at Peace November 1977 - Anwar Sadat reached out to Israel → stunned the world Went to their parliament + discussed a mvm’t towards peace Sadat required that in exchange for peace Israel would have to: Recognize rights of Palestinians W/draw from land gained 1967

11. The Camp David Accords Egypt, the most powerful Arab state, had led attacks against US supported Israel since 1948 Invites leaders of both countries to Camp David (presidential retreat) ∴ Camp David Accords: President Carter (U.S.) brokers deal, Israel gives Sinai Peninsula for Egyptian Peace + Egypt formally recognized Israel First Arab state to do so Sad Anwar Sadat of Egypt, Jimmy Carter and Menachem Begin of Israel

12. The Palestine Liberation Organization UN partition created an Arab state and a Jewish State The Arabs rejected the Palestinian State 1964 - Palestinian officials created the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Goal of the PLO = unite Israel and Palestine under one Arab Palestine. Guerilla fighters dominated the PLO → demanded a forceful takeover to gain Israel → terrorist attacks against Israel in 60s + 70s 1969 - Yasir Arafat became chairman of the PLO

13. Israeli-Palestinian Tensions Increase Many Palestinians lived in the West Bank + Gaza Strip  controlled by Israel The PLO continued to attack Israeli towns throughout the 70s + 80s Israel responded by attacking Palestinian bases 1982 Israel invaded Lebanon to take out Palestinian rebels Had to leave after the Lebanese civil war broke out

14. Israeli-Palestinian Tensions Increase 1987: Palestinians launched a widespread intifada Uprising against the Israelis  boycotts, shootings, violent demonstrations, bombings, etc… Gained international attention Lasted until 1991 when the world pressured them to find peace

15. The Oslo Peace Accords Oslo Peace Accords (1993) – secret, in Oslo, Norway Israel granted Palestinians self rule in the West Bank + Gaza Strip Palestinians agreed to end violence towards Israel 1997 Israel made plans to partially w/draw from the West Bank BUT 2000 A second intifada continued until 2007

16. Peace Slips Away To this day no stable peace agreement has been made Series of conflicts and leaders between 1999-present day that have solved little U.S. continues to support Israel but works constantly to encourage peace efforts by both sides.