2. Old vs. New New ideas emerge Old system based on agriculture New based on trade Old towns were small New cities began to grow Most on rivers

3. Major Cities of High Middle Ages Bruges  located on Rhine Connected North Sea and Central Euro Hamburg  part of Hanseatic League Major port on North Sea Florence  Italian, controlled trade in region Banking center

4. Crusades Series of Holy Wars Most conducted by Catholic Church Pope Urban II  launched 1 st Crusades (1095) Goal to take back Palestine (Holy Land) Successfully conquered Jerusalem Muslims regained in 1187

5. Crusades Cont’d 4 th Crusade never entered Holy Land Attacked Constantinople Weakened Byzantine Empire Military Failure, Economic Success Increased trade with Muslim Merchants Italian Cities grew powerful from trade Euro reintroduced to outside technology

6. European Political Development Regional states became strong, powerful Kings began to rule with authority France and England New military technology aided in more dominant kingdoms Set up world powers