1. Vocabulary 1.2 Evidence Based Claims

2. Claim noun Defintion: An arguable statement.arguable  There are three primary types of persuasive claims:persuasive  Claims of fact assert that something is true or not true.  Claims of value assert that something is good or bad, more or less desirable.  Claims of policy assert that one course of action is superior to another. In rational or logical arguments, all three types of claims must be supported by facts and evidence.

3. Reading Closely Reading text closely close reading is a careful and purposeful reading. It’s a careful and purposeful rereading of a text. It’s an encounter with the text where the readers really focus on what the author had to say, what the author’s purpose was, what the words mean, and what the structure of the text tells the readers.

4. More on Close Reading In a close reading, reader answer text dependent questions that require that they go back into the text and search for answers. These aren’t simply recalling just the facts of the text, but rather questions that allow the reader to think about the text, and the author’s purpose, the structure, and the flow of the text. Close reading requires that the readers actually think and understand what they are reading.

5. Labor Unions noun Labor unions are legally recognized as representatives of workers in many industries in the United States. Their activity today centers on collective bargaining over wages, benefits, and working conditions for their membership, and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provisions.

6. Cesar Chavez noun March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993 Cesar Chavez was an American farm worker, labor leader and civil right activist, who co- founded the National Farm Workers Association.

7. Cesar Chavez A Mexican American, Chavez became the best known Latino American civil rights activist, and was strongly promoted by the American Labor Movement, which was eager to enroll Hispanic members. His public-relations approach to unionism and aggressive but nonviolent tactics made the farm workers' struggle a moral cause with nationwide support. By the late 1970s, his tactics had forced growers to recognize the UFW as the bargaining agent for 50,000 field workers in California and Florida.

8. Founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez, the United Farm Workers of America is the nation's first successful and largest farm workers union currently active in 10 states. The UFW continues to organize in major agricultural industries across the nation. Recent years have witnessed dozens of key UFW union contract victories, among them the largest strawberry, rose, winery and mushroom firms in California and the nation.

9. CORE VALUES Integrity : Doing the right thing even when no one is looking Si Se Puede® Attitude : The embodiment of a personal and organizational spirit that promotes confidence, courage and risk taking Innovation : The active pursuit of new ideas

10. Non-Violence: Engaging in disciplined action Empowerment: A fundamental belief in and respect for people

11. Tone is the attitude of an author, as opposed to a NARRATOR or PERSONA, toward her subject matter and/or audience. Tone is closely linked to MOOD, but tends to be associated more with VOICE. Example: The tone of “To Build a Fire” by Jack London is-for example, is dispassionate, sometimes judgmental and IRONIC.” Tone noun

12. Mood noun Definition: Mood is the atmosphere the author creates in his text with the intention of evoking a certain emotion or feeling from the audience. In drama, mood may be created by sets and music as well as words; in poetry and prose, and a combination of such elements as SETTING, VOICE, TONE and THEME. Example: Scary horror stories/ movies: gloomy, horrific, and desperate. Example: The mood in Jack London’s “To Build a Fire” was lonely but expectative at first and them it turned into frustrated and fear of death at the end. Mood

13. Oppression noun Definition: The exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner Synonym: persecution, repression, abuse Antonym: democracy, freedom Sentence: Cesar Chavez championed the cause of migrant farm workers who suffered extreme oppression.

14. boycott Definition: To draw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest. Synonym: ban, avoid, reject Antonym: support, agree, associate Sentence: Cesar Chavez advocated a boycott of grapes because the workers were not being paid a fair wage

15. Socratic Seminar Definition: Socratic seminar is a ‘collaborative, intellectual dialogue facilitated with open- ended questions about a text.’ Walker Middle School Socratic Seminar http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pGVR6ZF _2M The Socratic Seminar http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxZM GK6IdEs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxZM GK6IdEs

16. evaluate Definition: To examine and judge something carefully Synonym: assess, judge, assign value to Antonym: ignore, glance at Sentence: When you evaluate something, you're making a judgment, one that most likely results from some degree of analysis.