1. Tone The manner in which the author relates to the audience.  Is he cheerful, serious, angry, warm, bitter, cynical, etc?

2. Mood The feeling a piece of literature arouses in the reader.  Happy, sad, peaceful, etc.

3. Ethos vs Logos Ethos: the source's credibility, the speaker's/author's authority Logos: the logic used to support a claim (induction and deduction); can also be the facts and statistics used to help support the argument.

4. Fact vs Opinion A statement of FACT can be proved TRUE or FALSE. A is the first letter of the alphabet. Basketball is played with a round ball. Turtles have a hard shell. A statement of OPINION is what someone believes or thinks. There may or may not be a good reason to think this way. Words that give you clues that a statement is an opinion are believe, like, and should. These words express how someone feels.

5. Rhyme the use of the same or similar sounds either internally or at the ends of lines in order to produce an audible echo effect; when this effect is regularly repeated over the course of a poem or stanza and obeys a precise and predictable formal pattern, it is called a rhyme scheme.

6. Imagery a word or phrase in a literary text that appeals directly to the reader's taste, touch, hearing, sight, or smell. An image is thus any vivid or picturesque phrase that evokes a particular sensation in the reader's mind. Example: Whitman's "vapor-pennants" and evocations of "golden brass" and "silvery steel" in "To a Locomotive in Winter"; Bryant's "lone lakes" and "autumn blaze" in "To an American Painter...”

7. Metaphor an analogy that compare two different things imaginatively. Extended Metaphor: a metaphor that is extended or developed as far as the writer wants to take it. Controlling Metaphor: a metaphor that runs throughout the piece of work. Mixed Metaphor: a metaphor that ineffectively blends two or more analogies.

8. The English or Shakespearean Sonnet 1. Contains 14 lines 2. The English sonnet can be divided into two parts: a. 3 Quatrains with 12 lines b. A Rhyming Couplet of 2 lines

9. More Sonnets… 3. The Quatrains present the argument/theme of the sonnet. 4. The Rhyming Couplet presents the conclusion/solution to the sonnet 5. Rhyme Scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG

10. Hyperbole an exaggerated statement often used as a figure of speech or to prove a point. Example: “I am so hungry I could eat a horse.” “It’s raining cats and dogs.”

11. Personification a figure of speech attributing human qualities to inanimate objects or abstract ideas. Examples: The stars danced playfully in the moonlit sky. The first rays of morning tiptoed through the meadow. She did not realize that opportunity was knocking at her door.