1. APAKAH PENELITIAN ITU DAN BAGAIMANA MENYUSUN PROPOSAL PENELITIAN oleh : Indrasurya B. Mochtar

2. What is Research and How to Prepare Research Proposal By : Indrasurya B. Mochtar

3. COURSE CONTENT 1 MeetingSubject 1Introduction –What is Research –Scientific Research and Academic Research –Types of Research –Level of Research Formulating Research Problems and Research Topic Assignment 1 : Research Problems and Research Topic 2Presentation of Assignment 1 and discussion Preparation of Research background Research Objectives Research benefits and contributions Assignment 2 : Preparing Research background, objectives, benefits and contribution 3Presentation of Assignment 2 and discussion 4 Methods of searching literature supports Assignment 3 : Literature Review 5Composition of paragraphs Assignment 4 : Composing research background and literature review 6Discussion of Assignment 3 and 4 Format of scientific reports and papers 7Methodology of Research Assignment 5 : Defining own methodology of research 8Discussion of Assignment 5 Summary and conclusion of course materials. Assignment 6 : Submission of complete Research Proposal within 2 (two) weeks.

4. 2 Course Evaluation Method Attendance of participant : 10% Assignment 1 : 10 % Assignment 2 : 10 % Assignment 3 & 4 : 10 % Assignment 5 : 10 % Assignment 6 : 50 % Course Supervisor Prof. Ir. Indrasurya B. Mochtar, MSc., PhD Home: Perum. ITS Blok I-6, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111 (Komplek ITS Sukolilo) Phone: (031) 593-1220 & 081-2311-1149 Email: indramochtar@telkom.net ; indramochtar@yahoo.comindramochtar@telkom.netindramochtar@yahoo.com Office : Dept. of Civil Engineering Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Komplek ITS, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111 Phone: (031) 599-7152 & (031) 594-6094 Fax. : (031) 594-7284 Email: itssipil@sby.centrin.net.id

5. What is Research 1.Mc Graw-Hill Research is scientific investigation aimed at discovering and applying new facts, techniques, and natural law. 2.Webster (Dictionary) Research is careful, systematic, patient, diligent inquiry or examination in some fields of knowledge, undertaken to establish fact or principles. 3.LIPI (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia). Researches in social sciences and humanities are all activities based on scientific disciplines to gather, classify, analyze, and interpret facts and connections among natural facts, people, and human behavior in order to obtain the research principles or new methods that may explain the inquired phenomena. 4.Sekaran (1992). Research can be described as a systematic and organized effort to investigate a specific problem that needs a solution. It is a series of steps that are designed and followed, with the goal of finding answers to the issues that are of concern to us in the work environment. 3

6. Research activity has the following aspects : There is problem, or some problems, that needs solution, or there is question which requires answers. Investigation to find the solution, or the answer, should be performed carefully, systematically, patiently and diligently; it is not a simple inquiry. Scientific methods are involved in the process and methodology. The solutions, or answers, can be explained objectively as facts, principles, or laws. 4

7. Scientific Research and Academic Research (Mochtar, 1993) 1. There are items for inquiry : - problems to be solved, - hypotheses to be proven, - questions to be answered. 2. The solution, proof, or answer is not directly available or obtainable from the peers group of the researcher. 3. The researcher should have to design specific procedures, as research methodology, to be able to find the solution, proof, on answer. 4. The research methodology is not merely performing simple test, measurement, or routine procedure. The methodology is specifically designed to be performed carefully, systematically, and cautiously. 5. The solution, proof, or answer (= research results) can be explained in the most objective way involving scientific methods. 6. The researcher believes that the solution, proof, or answer can be obtained at the end of the predetermined period of research. 7. Research results will be beneficial to others, directly or indirectly. Activities can be considered as Scientific and Academic Research when the following aspects apply : 5

8. Are these considered as research activities ? 1. Scientists in IPTN, Bandung are performing research on small propeller aircraft CN-235. (while propeller aircraft has been in service since the World War I and are already common everywhere in the world). 2. A university researcher is conducting research on a simple engine for “becak”, motorized tricycle. 3. A professor assigned his student to run a new laboratory equipment for his Master Research. 4. As his research, a student has designed a new computer software to run a remote-controlled TV antenna. 5. The city police are performing research on crime rate in Surabaya. 6. A graduate is trying to apply certain mathematical approach to the current economy of Indonesia for his research. 7. Civil Engineers are performing research on steel bridges in East Java. 8. Research has been done to find the percentage of families in East Java with more than 2 children. 9. A high school student is performing research on the types of human blood. 6

9. DESIGN vs. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1. Design also involves items for inquiry : - there are problems to be solved. - there are questions to be answered. 2. But, solutions and answers are easy to obtain directly from the designer’s peers; or designer at least can ask other people to show him how to obtain the solution. 3. Methodology of design is mostly routine, or has been repeated many times; although in many cases methods of design are quite complicated. 4. The solutions and answers can be explained objectively. 5. Result of design is beneficial to others. The Design activities are distinguished from Research activities in the following aspects : 7

10. 8 LEVEL OF RESEARCH Level of research is determined from the level of people, outside of the researcher, who knows the answer to the research question. Example Research in the level of high school may involved activities to find the answer of the research questions that none of the high school people, including most of their teachers, knows the answer. (while perhaps almost every lecturer in university knows the answer). Research of University level : a.Undergraduate research : none of the undergraduate people, including most of the lecturers, knows the answer. (some professors in the university may know the answer well) b.Graduate, Master research : none of the graduate people knows the answer (some professors in other university, or in other countries, may already know the answer). c.Doctoral research : nobody in university, or in most of other countries, knows the answer. Research of advanced level : nobody knows the answer.

11. 9 TYPES OF RESEARCH (Sekaran, 1984) 1.APPLIED RESEARCH Research intended for solving specific research problems 2.BASIC RESEARCH Research intended for improving existing understanding of certain research problems.

12. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH –Exploratory research –Descriptive research –Hypothesis testing Exploratory Research : Undertaken when one does not have enough knowledge about the situation at hand, or about how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the past. The researcher needs to perform preliminary work to gain familiarity with the situation, to understand what is really happening, prior to develop a model and set up a rigorous design of complete investigation. Descriptive Research : Undertaken to ascertain and to be able to describe the characteristics of variables involved; also to describe the relationship between the investigated variables. Hypothesis Testing : Undertaken just to proof the hypothesis, whether it is correct or incorrect; right or wrong; true or false. 10

13. What is Research Problem ? According to Kerlinger (1990), research problem is question that its answer is to be obtained through conducting the research. Therefore, a researcher has to formulate the following questions for his/her research problem : –What are the problems I want to solve ? –From those problems, what are my questions ? –Is there any hypothesis to proof ? 11

14. RESEARCH PROBLEMS Research problems may include :  all things that are still questionable to the researcher so that he/she needs to find the answer or solution through his/her research. Questionable to whom ? 1. To himself only, many other people may already know the answer. (this can not be considered as research problem). 2. To the researcher and all other people among his peer group, people outside of his peer group may already know the answer. 3. To the researcher and all other people in his country, scientist from other countries may already know the answer. 4. To the researcher and almost all other scientist in the world. 12

15. Research problem is not problem that already exits in reality (=fact-of- life problem) Research problem is the question raised by the research when trying to solve the “fact-of-life problem”. Therefore, if it is defined : a Problem is any situation where gap exists between the actual and desired ideal state. Research problem is question about how to close the gap, or how to solve the problem. Remember Actual state Ideal state Gap=real problem 13

16. 14 Research Topic should represent an effort to close the gap Current State Existing Condition Ideal State Expected Condition Research Problem = How to close the gap Detail of Research Problems = Which gaps to close Research Objectives To close the designated gaps To close the specified gaps Gap Existing Condition Existing Problems

17. Example of Well-Defined Research Problems 1. What are the benefit of changing this factory to become fully automated than continuing with the existing manual labor system ? 2. What are the main components of making this corporation the fastest growing in this country, and how significant those components relate to the progress made by this corporation so far ? 3. How is the prospect of trade between Indonesia and Malaysia to the next ten years ? 4. To what extent do the structure of this organization and type of information systems installed account for the perceived effectiveness of managerial decision making ? 5. What are the general complaints of housewives when introduced to this new cooking utensil ? 6. Which solution of the given 5 alternatives is the best for our firm ? 7. When is the best time to expand our production line ? 8. When is the best time to start construction of this large scale dam on this erratic river, and how ? 9. Why are frogs “singing” during rain ? What causes the frogs to sing when raining ? Note : The best way to write research problem is in the form of interrogative sentence, in questioning way. 15

18. Another example of problem statement 1.Existing business problems where a manager is looking for a solution, 2.Situations that may not be posing any problems at present but where the manager feels that things may be improved, 3.Areas where some conceptual clarity is needed for better theory building, or 4.Situations in which a researcher is trying to answer a research question empirically. Or 1.Solution is needed by a manager in an existing business problem. 2.Improvement should be planned for the current situation, which otherwise will become problems in the near future. 3.Better theory building is required to give more conceptual clarity to this phenomena. 4.Empirical relationships should be sought in order for the researcher to answer the research question. Problem statement do not have to be in interrogative sentences : 16

19. Preparation of Research Proposal Budget of Research Reading : Journals, Research reports, in seminars, conferences, special publications, etc. Obtaining Problems that still need follow up, not completed. Problems that still unsolved. Identification of specific problems to be investigated = Research problems. Consultation and discussion with peers Research Topic Research Objectives Methodology of Research Research planning & procedures. Types of data & information required. Amount of data & info needed Types of variables involved Model to be used. Methods of processing data = and results interpretation. Literature study to find methods to solve problems : Information on pertinent variables. Current knowledge, from other researchers, about the investigated problems. Related theories to support possible solutions. Available existing models. Research methodology on similar topics Relevancy and significance of the investigated problems perceived by scientific community. Schedule of Research No Ok Research Proposal 17 Background of Research Background of Research Topic Background of Research Problems. Brief report of the literature study

20. CONTENT OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1.INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND RESEARCH PROBLEMS/PROBLEMS STATEMENT. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES BENEFIT OF RESEARCH AND CONTRIBUTION 2.LITERATURE REVIEWS PROCEEDING STUDIES THEORETICAL BACKGROUND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK HYPOTHESIS (IF ANY) 3.METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH. RESEARCH PLAN AND PROCEDURE : -Schematic description of research operation. -Detail description of research procedure. VARIABLES IDENTIFICATION MESUREMENT OF VARIABLES OTHER DATA AND INFORMATION REQUIRED METHODS OF DATA GATHERING AND SAMPLING DESCRIPTION OF MODEL (IF ANY) EXPECTED RESULTS AND METHODS OF INTERPRETATION 4.RESEARCH SCHEDULE AND PROPOSED BUDGET. 5.LIST OF REFERENCES (OR BIBLIOGRAPHY) 6.APPENDICES. 18

21. BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH Background of Research Topic Explain the current situation about the main problems that already exists in reality (current state = fact-of- life problems). Explain what is the ideal state perceived by research so that gap exists between the fact-of-life problem and the ideal state. Additional information regarding how the Research Topic was developed. Background of Research Problems Explain in more detail what kind of gaps exist between the fact-of-life problem and the ideal state. From each gap, explain what types of questions to be answered and what types of solutions to be sought. Brief explanation on how the research problems were generated. Importance of Research Explain why this research is so important to do (why it is so important to close the gaps). What are the relevancy and significance of this research. 19 Shall contain the following items (but not necessarily with the headings) :

22. Research Objectives Explaining the following items, What are the benefits that other people may gain from this research after the research objectives are attained, after the research problems are solved. What kind of contribution to the current state of understanding, or knowledge, this research results may present. 20 They are the goals of the research, they summarize the researcher intention in finding the solutions, or the answers of the research problems. In short : research objectives are to find the solution of the research problems. Research Benefits and Contribution

23. Purposes of Literature Review To find more information on important and related variables, how those variables may interact each other. To find about what other researchers have found and mentioned about the particular research problems, to what extend other researcher, or investigators, have reached their understanding about the problems. To know that no body else is able to answer the research problems proposed (or no body else has ever conducted the same research with similar results before). To find all the background theories that may support the methods of solving the research problems, or to support the analyses of the problems. To obtain additional information to support the importance of this research, to be performed right away; to find more information to support the background of research. To find other sources of knowledge that may enhance the clarity of explaining the research problems and, later, may help during argumentation and analysis of research results. To get more detailed explanation on certain procedures, terms, behaviors, characteristics, etc., which are related to the research. 21

24. Source of literature review 1.Bibliographic citation : revealing only the author’s name, the article, source of publication, year, volume, and page numbers. 2.Abstract database : abstract or summary of the article 3.Full-text database : full text of the article Example of writing up the literature review Study on : AbsenteeismNath, E. (1945) (Topic)Author/Year Problem Statement What factors have the greatest influence on absenteeism ? Variables Age, education, working conditions, martial status, type of job. Sample 67 mine workers from the XYZ Mine Co., Illinois, Mean age = 35; all males. Data Collection All 67 employees were interviewed by three researchers within a period of 3 months inside the mine. Data Analysis Correlational and multiple-regression analysis used Results Working conditions influenced absenteeism the most-especially toxic dust and explosions. Non of the other variables was significantly related to absenteeism. Conclusions Chemicals that would absorb the toxic dust and mechanisms for explosion danger warnings should substantially reduce absenteeism. Any Other Info/Comments Source : American Psychological Association (1983) 22

25. Method of literature review quotation Mochtar (2002) has found that the correlation between…… In a recent study of midair violations by pilots (Grey, 1999) it was mentioned that ……. In 2001, Mochtar gave two conclusions on how significant the excessive load on heavy vehicles affecting the premature deterioration of pavement. Grim (1995) wrote a book titled “Clay Mineralogy”, and in it he postulates that …. Sekaran, Martin, and Osborn (1980) found ……. Sekaran, et al. (1980) found that ……. It has been mentioned by Murayama (1997) ….. The Theory of Relativity can be expressed in the following formula (Einstein, 1947) …… …….. as Tucker and Snell (1989) pointed out …. …….. as has been pointed out (Tucker and Snell, 1989). This finding has been supported by many evidences from other researchers (Aldag and Brief, 1976; Holms and Kovacs, 1985; Bettina and Ellenmeyer, 1990; Shibata, 1996). J. Morkowitz (personal communication, April 8, 2003) expressed his opinion of ……. 23

26. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework The theoretical/conceptual framework is a description about how variables of research interact one another Basic features of theoretical frameworks 1.The variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labeled in the discussions. 2.The discussions should state how two or more variables are related to each other. This should be done for the important relationships that are the prized to exist among the variables. 3.If the nature and direction of the relationships can be theorized on the basis of the findings from previous research, then there should be an indication in the discussions as to whether the relationships would be positive or negative. 4.There should be a clear explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exist. The arguments could be drawn from the previous research findings. 5.A schematic diagram of the theoretical framework should be given so that the reader can visualize the theorized relationships. 24

27. Schematic diagram of a Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework 25 Communication among cockpit members Air safety violation independent variable dependent variable Communication between ground control and cockpit Decentralization (airlines competition) Additional training of cockpit crew

28. Variables of Research Types of Variables :1. Dependent Variables 2. Independent Variables 3. Moderating Variables 4. Intervening Variables 1.Dependent Variables The dependent variable is the variable of primary interest to the researcher. The researcher’s goal is to explain or predict the variability in the dependent variable. In other words, it is the main variable that lends itself as a viable issue for investigation. 2.Independent Variables An independent variable is one that influence the dependent variable in either a positive or a negative way. That is, when the independent variable is present, the dependent variable is also present, and with each unit of increase in the independent variable, there is an increase or decrease in the dependent variable also. In other words, the variance in the dependent variable is accounted for the the independent variable. 3.Moderating Variables The moderating variable is one that has a strong contingent effect on the independent variable-dependent variable relationship. That is the presence of a third variable (the moderating variable) modifies the originally expected relationship between the independent and the dependent variables. 4.Intervening Variables An intervening variable is one that surface between the time the independent variables operate to influence the dependent variable and their impact on the dependent variable. There is thus a temporal quality or time dimension to the intervening variable. The intervening variable surfaces as a function of the independent variable(s) operating in any situation, and helps to conceptualize and explain the influence of the independent variable(s) on the dependent variable. 30

29. Examples 1. If the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair crowded situation, air safety violation will be reduced 31 dependent variable Additional pilots training Air safety violation independent variabledependent variable Additional pilots training Air safety violation independent variabledependent variable Proper air safety infrastructures moderating variable Additional pilots training Air safety violation Proper air safety infrastructures independent variable Pilots nervousness and diffidence intervening variable moderating variable a b c

30. 32 2. Other examples dependent variable Changing assembly lines to automation independent variable dependent variable Number of labors replaced moderating variable More profit to factory Alternatives of automation system moderating variable Country environment, i.e. pleasant, safe, unpleasant, etc Method of tourism campaign Types of attraction offered at the tourist sites Accessibility of the sites Facilities available at the sites Price & expense (increase) number of tourist to East Java dependent variable independent variable Attitude of the local people moderating variable independent variable Country environment, i.e. pleasant, safe, unpleasant, etc Method of tourism campaign Types of attraction offered at the tourist sites Accessibility of the sites Facilities available at the sites Price & expense Attractiveness of East Java to tourist Number of tourist to East Java Attitude of the local people moderating variable intervening variable a b c

31. 1 OBSERVATION Broad area of research interest identified 2 PRELIMINARY DATA GATHERING Interviewing Literature survey 3 PROBLEM DEFINITION Research problem delineated 4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Variables clearly identified and labeled 5 GENERATION OF HYPOTHESES 7 DATA COLLECTION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETA- TION 6 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DESIGN 8 DEDUCTION Hypotheses substantiated ? Research question answered ? 33 RESEARCH PLAN IN GENERAL

32. HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis in an educated guess about solution to a research problem. Hypothesis is only to be proven correct, or incorrect; right or wrong. However, one has to perform research in order to answer the hypothesis. Research problems may be generated from a single hypothesis. Example : Hypothesis : if the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair crowded situations, air-safety violation will be reduced. Research problems : What are the kinds of air-safety violation that pilots do in crowded air space ? Why is the existing pilot training not adequate for the crowded air space situation ? What kinds of additional training do the pilots need to handle this situation ? How much will the air-safety violation be reduced from the above additional training to pilots ? Hypothesis : changing the factory assembly lines to become fully automated is more beneficial to the factory. Research problems : What kinds of benefit that the factory gains by changing into fully automation. How much benefit in Dollar the automation system will bring to the factory, compared to the current manual labor system. What kind of automation system is the most optimal for this factory from the given alternatives. How many factory labors are to be released with the most optimal automated system. 26

33. Hypotheses : - null hypothesis - alternate hypothesis Null hypothesis : –Proving relationship significant or not significant –There is a relationship and there is not a relationship. Null hypothesis is rejected it the level of significance  ≥ 0.05 --> relationship is not significant. Null hypothesis is a hypothesis to proof no significance between 2 variables. Alternate hypothesis : Alternate hypothesis is a statement expressing a relationship between 2 variables. 27

34. Schematic diagram for example : Hypotheses 1.The greater the extent of gender stereotyping in organizations, the fewer will be the number of women at the top. 2.Male managers will have more access to critical information than women managers in the same ranks. 3.There will be a significant positive correlation between access to information and chances for promotion to top level positions. 4.Sex-role stereotyping and access to critical information will be positively correlated. 5.Sex-role stereotyping and access to critical information will both significantly explain the variance in promotional opportunities for women to top level positions. Sex-role stereotyping Access to information Advancement of women to the top Independent variablesDependent variable 28

35. Methodology of Research (for Research Proposal) It is description of methods to find the answers, or solutions, of the research problems. It mostly contains (complete version) –What kinds of research variables to be measured. –How to measure the variables. –What types of (secondary) data & information needed, and for what purposes. –How much (secondary) data & information needed  estimation of the amount. –How to process the data and information. –How many samples to take, or sampling to perform, why so many ? –What kind of model to be used (if any) –Research Plan (Schematic description of research operation). –Detail description of research procedures. –Expected results and methods of results interpretation. Methodology should describe how each of the research problems will be solved. Research methodology for each problem may be different. 29

36. 34

37. Abstract A very brief summary of any scientific paper, report, or manuscript that is published as bound volume with many others, or as periodicals. Abstract of a Research Report usually contains : –Very brief statements about background of research, why the research is conducted; (why) –Very brief explanations on what the research problems are; (what) –As short as possible description about how the research is performed, or the research methodology; (how) –Very short description about the research results; (end results). Therefore, abstract of research is a very short description of why, what, how, and end results. It is recommended that a good abstract be written in not more than 200 (two hundreds) words. 35

38. Summary A short or condensed version of any written document, usually much longer than abstract, without any limitation on number of words. Summary could be many pages long, or perhaps only half a page, depending on the length of the original manuscript. Summary in general is given for business document, or for any other report for individual review. Synopsis Almost similar with abstract, but usually for a story, or for other reading materials of non periodicals, i.e books, novels, etc. Keywords Are the words, or phrase, used by a researcher, or any reader, to start searching for all other publications with subjects and topics related to his/her interest. Therefore, key words are several words that represent the main subjects, problems, or topic, of a published paper, so that initial searching by other readers starting with any of the key words will include this paper into the list. 36

39. Example of Research Report Research Topic Approval Dedication Acknowledgment Table of content List of figures List of tables Abstract Chapter One: Introduction 1. Background of the study 2. Problem Statement 3. Purpose of the study (Research Objectives) 4. Benefit of the study Chapter Two: Literature Review 1. Proceeding Studies 2. Theoretical Background 3. Conceptual Framework 4. Hypothesis Chapter Three: Research Method 1. Variables Identification 2. Operation Definition 3. Population and Samples 4. Data Collection Chapter Four: Analysis and Interpretation Chapter Five: Conclusion and Suggestion Bibliography, References Appendices 37

40. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETAION Containing analysis of each research problem given in CHAPTER I. –Each research problem should be analyzed as thoroughly as possible. –Analysis is conducted by discussing all the information and evidences that lead to solutions of the problems, or answers to the problem stated. –Also include conclusion of each the research problems (conclusion means explanation about the final solution, or end result, of the problems) based on the analyses given. –Also include recommendation and suggestion (in this chapter) if necessary as consequences of the analyses. Interpretation means analysis about the obtained information and data, i.e. : the laboratory testing results, data from field surveys, data from primary and secondary sources, etc., such that the information and data reveal the trend and tendency leading to the answers or the research problems. 38

41. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion should directly answer each of the research problem about how each of the research problems is finally solved. This Chapter is only to state the summary of every conclusion and suggestion given in the proceeding Chapter about Analysis and Interpretation. Further explanation of each conclusion and suggestion is not required, because this explanation has been given in the proceeding chapter. 39

42. Method of Reading Research Report (Thesis, Dissertation, Research Paper, etc.) Read only Chapter I carefully –Understand the research problems and how or why these problems are derived. Go to the final Chapter to read the Conclusion & Suggestion –Compare each conclusion with each of the research problem in Chapter I. –Each conclusion should reveal the final solution of each of the research problems. –If the conclusion is considered not satisfactory, go back to the Chapter of Analyses and Interpretation to read why and how the conclusion is derived (particularly of the research problem) –If it is still not satisfactory, go back further to read the Methodology. Do not follow conventional method of reading all manuscript continuously from start to finish, it is wasting your time. 40

43. Book : Research Methods for Business : A Skill-Building Approach by :Uma Sekaran Southern Illinois University of Carbondale John Wiley & Sons, Inc 2nd edition 41