1. PART I Chapter 18 Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

2. Archaea http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W25nI9kpxtU 7:16 min

3. Phylogeny

4. Characteristics First living evidence of life on earth Unicellular Prokaryotes (No membrane-bound organelles) Cell wall with internal plasma membrane Found everywhere

5. Bacteria

6. Bacteria Structures Cell wall – provides support and protection to the cell Plasma membrane – flexible, selectively permeable boundary that controls what enters and leaves the cell Cytoplasm – semi-fluid material inside the cell’s plasma membrane Ribosome – organelle that helps to manufacture proteins DNA - stores and communicates genetic information for the cell

7. Bacteria Structures Pilus/pili - hairlike protrusion to stick to surfaces a bridge for sexual reproduction Flagellum - long, whiplike protrusion, for moving Capsule - sticky layers around cell wall Toxin - a powerful poison Endospore – found in some bacteria - resists harsh environments

8. Reproduction Asexual Binary Fission Cell division Rapid - 20 min. Sexual Conjugation – exchange genetic material Pili/pilus - bridge

9. Classification: Three Basic Shapes Cocci - Spheres Bacilli - Rods Spirilli - Spiral

10. Classification: Gram stain – Cell wall type Thick – Purple Stain = “Gram Positive” Thin - Pink Stain = “Gram Negative”

11. Growth Patterns Diplo- pairs Staphylo- clusters Strepto- chains

12. Streptococci

13. Eubacteria - “True” bacteria Heterotrophs Photosynthetic Autotrophs Chemosynthetic Autotrophs Saprophytes (decomposers) Need sunlight to make food Need sulfur & nitrogen to make food Parasites (cause disease) Example: Cyanobacteria Nitrogen fixation (FIX the nitrogen) Live in more habitable environments

14. Bacteria – 11:03 minutes

15. Beneficial Bacteria Nitrogen fixation Converts nitrogen into ammonia a form that plants can use Nodules A symbiotic relationship between bacteria and plants

16. Beneficial Bacteria Saprophytes (decomposers) Breaks down dead organisms and decaying matter Returns nutrients to soil

17. Beneficial Bacteria is used to Make food: Cheese Pickles Yogurt Vinegar Sauerkraut

19. Pathogenic Bacteria – disease-causing bacteria Pathogen – an organism that causes disease Produce toxins Damage host’s tissues Enter through openings in body (via air, food, water)

20. Air-Born

21. Air-Born Bacteria

25. Antibiotics: Destroys cell wall of bacteria Creates holes in the cell walls Sir Alexander Fleming 1928 - discovered Penicillium notatum

26. The Immune System - 13:46 minutes

27. The End of Bacteria; Start Viruses!

32. Viruses - 8:05 minutes Viral Replication - 10:29 minutes