1. Chapter 5- CONSCIOUSNESS: SLEEP, DREAMING, AND HYPNOSIS ETTINGER, 4 TH ED.

2. Were You Psychotic Last night? http://bit.ly/oCZ4iv Matt Walker on Sleep

3. Biological rhythms  Cycles  Physiological activity 24-hr physiological cycle in humans: Circadian Rhythmn

4. Activity alterations in rats with variations on a 12-hr sleep/wake cycle

5. Human patterns of Circadian rhythm Least active several hours after onset of darkness Most active several hours after daylight The “switch” in the brain to recognize cycle changes is located in a the group of nuclei called the SCN or suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus  Location near the optic chiasm allows transfer of stimulation info  SCN can trigger systems to speed up or slow down as appropriate to light levels  What about shift workers who work overnight?

6. Sleep and Dreaming Sleep is…  Natural, periodically occurring state of rest  Reduced activity  Lessened responsiveness to stimuli  Distinctive patterns of brain activity  Goofy Goofy

7. Measuring Stages of Sleep

9. Age and sleep patterns Newborns sleep ~ 16 hours a day 20ish adults ~ 8 hours are optimal  REM sleep begins to diminsh here and through middle age until.. 60s and 70s ~ 6hours and only 15%- 1 hr- of REM sleep with fewer cycles where sleeper reaches stage 4

10. http://bit.ly/q1H0EZ Poor sleep as a factor in Alzheimer’s and Dementia

14. Brain sleep mechanisms RAS- reticular activating system (green in previous diagram)  Controls awakened state  Sensory input activates RAS  Also generates its own activity Raphe nucleus (red area in fig 5.6)  below the RAS, has serotonin producing neurons to inhibit arousal and promote sleep

15. Functions of Sleep: As people experimented, unscientifically, with sleep deprivation, the theory was postulated that we could learn to live without sleep. Scientists developed this method of depriving rats of sleep with significant consequences to the rats: Sleep deprived rats lived for as long as 33 days but eventually ALL died. The control rats all survived with no ill effects

16. Theories of Sleep Function Energy Conservation  Calorie burning, exhaustion, physical reserve of energy or food resources Predator avoidance  Avoiding animals when humans aren’t physically able to adapt function Restoration  If awake depletes resources, they may be replenished with sleep Memory  Sleep aids in memory consolidation no overnight cramming!

17. Dreaming No REM sleep produced:  Irritability  Anxiety  Hostility  Agression  Trouble concentrating  Poor judgement  Physical errors (clumsiness, minor accidents/injuries increased) REM rebound occurred after deprivation with subjects having as much as 50% more REM time for 1 to 2 nights after

18. Animal dreams and dream content http://bit.ly/nI6w79 Cat with severed neural pathways Cat Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams suggests  Manifest content- disguised version of latent content  Latent Content- true meaning of dreams that only psychoanalyst can decipher  Failed because it’s untestable  Freud thought that our unconscious expressed our true wishes in ‘safe’ or symbolic ways to ensure restorative sleep

19. Disorders Insomnia- inabilitiy to get to sleep or frequent awakenings  Can be related to stress, health problems, emotional disturbances, drug use  15 % of adult population in USA in 2008 have chronic insomnia  35% may have temporary or occasional insomnia  Meds are only helpful short-term and persistent use can lead to serious problems including overdose and rebound insomnia

20. Disorders… Sleep apnea  Irregular breathing or periods of cessation  Oxygen deprivation causes brief awakening and gulp of air ( that person in your life who “snorts” while sleeping!)  They are unaware, but experience drowiness and decreased daytime alertness  Occurs in over 6% of the male pop over 40, and may be evident in 30% of the elderly  causes may include overweight causing airway blockage  Can be treated with CPAP  May influence SIDS

21. Disorders….. Narcolepsy  Uncontrollable REM sleep attacks  Related paralysis can cause sufferers to fall- can’t drive  No effective treatment yet Nightmares  Bad dreams during REM  Can be persistent and repetetive Night (Sleep) Terrors  Frightening experiences occurring during NREM sleep  Can’t be awakened  Don’t recall the experience

22. Disorders……………… Sleepwalking, or somnabulism  Occurs during NREM in stages 3 and 4  Few minutes to ½ hour  Okay to wake, but difficult  May or may not remember and usually occurs in children Sleeptalking, or somniloquy  Children more than adults  Can occur in all stages  May be related to dream content, but can’t be used to “get the scoop”

23. Jet lag and Shift work Jet lag less of a problem traveling east to west (delaying sleep instead of trying to advance it)  Melatonin supplements may be helpful in West to easy travel Changing, inconsistent, shifts can be very problematic, especially when the changes occur more frequently than we can adjust to and may not follow a cycle that matches our sleep needs

24. Hypnosis Deep relaxation and detachment with heightened suggestibility to suggestion An active experience, not passive control by hypnotist Altered level of arousal but NOT sleep Associated phenomenon: Athletic ability- can be a motivator to act, but within natural ability Ailment relief- only helpful with stress related disturbances Pain relief- might be an effective way of managing chronic pain but not enough scientific evidence yet Memory enhancement- not effective at helping recall and may implant false memories! Post-hypnotic suggestion- can’t motivate behaviors that a person wouldn’t ordinarily do, but might alter perceptions of what is necessary or appropriate (quit smoking, lose weight)

25. Hypnosis explained May relate to dissociation theory: Behaviors become separated from our awareness May also relate to our levels of suggestibility, a predisposition to attend to suggestion