1. How Ecosystems Work Chapter 5 Environmental Science

2. Ecosystems Everything is connected. Ecosystem All the organisms living in an area together with their physical environment Examples: coral reef, oak forest

3. Components of an Ecosystem Biotic factors Living and once living parts of an ecosystem Plants Animals Dead plants and animals Waste products from plants and animals Abiotic factors Nonliving parts of an ecosystem Air Water Rocks Sand Light Temperature

4. Components of an Ecosystem Organism An individual living thing Species A group of organisms that are closely related Population All the members of the same species that live in the same place at the same time Organisms in a population breed with each other usually not with other populations

5. Components of an Ecosystem Community A group of various species (populations) that live in the same place and interact with each other Example: Pond Ecosystem All groups of communities Biosphere All ecosystems

6. Homework Page 96 Section 1 Review #1, 4-6

7. Energy Flow in Ecosystems The ultimate source of energy for all organisms is the sun. The ultimate source of energy for all organisms is the sun. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis When plants use sunlight to make food (sugar) When plants use sunlight to make food (sugar) CO 2 + H 2 O →→ C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Sunlight Sunlight

8. Energy Flow Plants make food (sugar) which are carbohydrates. Plants make food (sugar) which are carbohydrates. Animals eat the plants, obtaining the energy from the plants. Animals eat the plants, obtaining the energy from the plants. Animals use this energy to…. Animals use this energy to…. Move Move Grow Grow Reproduce Reproduce

9. Transfer of Energy Producer Producer An organism that makes its own food An organism that makes its own food Also called autotrophs (self-feeders) Also called autotrophs (self-feeders) Consumer Consumer An organism that gets its energy by eating other organisms. An organism that gets its energy by eating other organisms. Also called heterotrophs (other-feeders) Also called heterotrophs (other-feeders)

10. Exception to the Rule Ecosystem deep in the ocean where no sunlight reaches Ecosystem deep in the ocean where no sunlight reaches Worms, clams, crabs, mussels live here Worms, clams, crabs, mussels live here Consumers Consumers Bacteria living here used hydrogen sulfide to make its own food Bacteria living here used hydrogen sulfide to make its own food Producers Producers

11. What Eats What Producer Producer Consumer Consumer Herbivore Herbivore Cows, sheep, deer, grasshoppers Cows, sheep, deer, grasshoppers Carnivore Carnivore Lions, hawks, snakes Lions, hawks, snakes Omnivore Omnivore Bears, pigs, cockroaches Bears, pigs, cockroaches Decomposer Decomposer Eats dead organisms (fungi, bacteria) Eats dead organisms (fungi, bacteria)

12. Cellular Respiration Breaking down food into energy Breaking down food into energy Cells absorb oxygen Cells absorb oxygen Helps to release energy from food Helps to release energy from food The energy is used for daily activities in the organism’s body. C 6 H 12 O 6 O2O2 CO 2 H2OH2Oenergy+++→→

13. Energy Transfer Food Chain Food Chain Transferring energy when one organism eats another and so on Transferring energy when one organism eats another and so on Food Web Food Web Many food chains linked together Many food chains linked together

14. Energy Transfer, cont. Tropic Levels Tropic Levels Every step when energy is transferred in a food chain or food web Every step when energy is transferred in a food chain or food web Only 10% of energy is available to next tropic level Only 10% of energy is available to next tropic level Energy affects the ecosystem in two ways Energy affects the ecosystem in two ways 1. Fewer organisms at higher tropic levels 2. Limits the number of tropic levels in an ecosystem

15. Assignment Page 123 Page 123 Section 1 Review Section 1 Review #1-5 #1-5

16. The Cycling of Materials Three ways that materials are reused in an ecosystem Three ways that materials are reused in an ecosystem 1. The carbon cycle 2. The nitrogen cycle 3. The phosphorus cycle

17. The Carbon Cycle Carbon is cycled through Carbon is cycled through The atmosphere The atmosphere The land The land The water The water The organisms The organisms Complete diagram Complete diagram Some carbon may enter long-term cycle Some carbon may enter long-term cycle Carbonates Carbonates Make up bones and shells Make up bones and shells Deposits over time in the form of limestone Deposits over time in the form of limestone Over millions of years will turn into fossil fuels Over millions of years will turn into fossil fuels

18. The Carbon Cycle

19. How Humans Affect the Carbon Cycle Cars, factories, power plants burn fossil fuels Cars, factories, power plants burn fossil fuels This process releases carbon into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide This process releases carbon into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide Burning wood and forest fires add carbon Burning wood and forest fires add carbon Half the carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere Half the carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere Contributes to global warming Contributes to global warming The rest of the carbon is absorbed by the ocean and plants. The rest of the carbon is absorbed by the ocean and plants.

20. Quick Lab Page 125

21. The Nitrogen Cycle All organisms need nitrogen All organisms need nitrogen Build proteins which builds new cells Build proteins which builds new cells Organisms can not just get nitrogen from the atmosphere Organisms can not just get nitrogen from the atmosphere Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Bacteria that can turn nitrogen from the atmosphere into usable nitrogen Bacteria that can turn nitrogen from the atmosphere into usable nitrogen Live on legumes (beans, peas, clover) Live on legumes (beans, peas, clover) Can also live in the soil Can also live in the soil

22. The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is cycled through the atmosphere, bacteria and other organisms. Nitrogen is cycled through the atmosphere, bacteria and other organisms. Complete diagram Complete diagram Decomposers help to keep the nitrogen cycle going Decomposers help to keep the nitrogen cycle going Nitrogen is constantly being reused in an ecosystem. Nitrogen is constantly being reused in an ecosystem.

23. The Nitrogen Cycle

24. The Phosphorus Cycle Importance of Phosphorus Importance of Phosphorus Animals need phosphorus to form bones and teeth. Animals need phosphorus to form bones and teeth. Plants need phosphorus for daily functions. Plants need phosphorus for daily functions. The Phosphorus Cycle The Phosphorus Cycle Movement of phosphorus from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment Movement of phosphorus from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment Cycle goes slowly Cycle goes slowly Phosphorus doesn’t normally occur as a gas in the atmosphere. Phosphorus doesn’t normally occur as a gas in the atmosphere. Complete diagram Complete diagram

25. The Phosphorus Cycle

26. The Nitrogen & Phosphorus Cycles Fertilizers Fertilizers Add nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil Add nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil Allows plants to grow bigger and faster Allows plants to grow bigger and faster If too much nitrogen and phosphorus is added, it will cause excess growth in a waterway. If too much nitrogen and phosphorus is added, it will cause excess growth in a waterway. Algal bloom Algal bloom Takes away available oxygen from aquatic organisms Takes away available oxygen from aquatic organisms Environmental problem with nitrogen and phosphorus cycles Environmental problem with nitrogen and phosphorus cycles Acid precipitation Acid precipitation

27. Section 2 Assignment Page 128 # 2-6

28. How Ecosystems Change Ecological Succession Ecological Succession Gradual process of change and replacement of species in a community. Gradual process of change and replacement of species in a community. May take hundreds to thousands of years May take hundreds to thousands of years Two stages of ecological succession Two stages of ecological succession Primary succession Primary succession Occurs where no ecosystem existed before Occurs where no ecosystem existed before Primarily occurs on rocks, cliffs, sand dunes Primarily occurs on rocks, cliffs, sand dunes Secondary succession Secondary succession Occurs where an ecosystem has existed before Occurs where an ecosystem has existed before Occurs after the ecosystem has been disturbed by humans, animals or natural process (storm, flood, earthquake, volcano) Occurs after the ecosystem has been disturbed by humans, animals or natural process (storm, flood, earthquake, volcano)

29. Secondary Succession Pioneer species First organisms to live in an area after the land is cleared These organisms begin the ecological succession in that area most times after a natural disaster. Climax community A final and stable community Fires Some forests depend on fires Feed on plants that grow after a fire Some plants need high heat to release their seeds

30. Old-Field Succession Occurs when farmland is abandoned Pioneer grasses and weeds grow very quickly Over time taller plants begin to grow Next fast growing trees take over Last, slower growing trees take over the area Oaks, hickories, beeches, maples After a century, the land will return to almost where it was before it was farmed

31. Primary Succession Occurs in certain areas New islands created by volcanoes Areas exposed when a glacier retreats Any other surface that has not previously supported life Occurs much slower than secondary succession because of no soil present

32. Primary Succession, cont. Lichens Colorful, flaky patches on trees or rocks Made of fungi Absorbs nutrients from the rocks Holds water Also made of algae Makes food through photosynthesis Together it breaks down the rock

33. Making of Soil in New Areas 1. Lichens begin to break down rocks 2. Freezing and thawing processes further break down the rocks 3. Mosses begin to grow and break down rocks 4. Mosses die and become organic matter 5. The organic matter begins to pile up 6. The organic matter turns into soil over time 7. Plants begin to grow in the newly formed soil

34. Assignment Page 133 Section 3 Review # 1-6

35. Chapter 5 Review Pages 135-137 # 6-19, 21, 23-26, 28, 34-35