1. Creating American Foreign Policy

2. Basic Goals of U.S. Foreign Policy

3. Protecting the Nation’s Security  Central to every nation  Government has a responsibility to protect its people from attack  Military  War on terrorism

4. Preserving World Peace  A peaceful world is more secure from a military and economic standpoint  U.S. supports peacekeeping work of the United Nations  U.S. officials mediate disputes that involve armed conflict

5. Promoting Economic Prosperity  The government protects the right of Americans to buy and sell goods to and from other countries  Wants to increase Americans’ access to raw materials and resources found in other parts of the world  Globalization, the trend toward more open, less-restricted trade and communication among the world’s nations; free movement of goods.  Modern piracy

6. Pursuing Humanitarian Ideals  Promoting freedom, democracy, and rule of law  Ending poverty and promoting human rights  Americans send foreign aid to other countries to improve the standard of living  U. S. officials promote democracy by assisting them with elections

7. The “Soft Power” Tools of Foreign Policy

8. Diplomacy: The Art of Conducting Negotiations  Carried out by government officials called diplomats  Highest ranking diplomat is an ambassador  Works out of an embassy located in the host country.  Represents the interests of the United States in the host country  Have diplomatic immunity

9. Summits: Meetings of heads of states  When national leaders come together for face-to-face talks.

10. Treaties: agreements to solve problems peacefully  Negotiated by diplomats, both parties agree.  Bilateral- relates to two countries  Multilateral- involves three or more countries  Can end wars or protect the environment  One signed, all parties are expected to fulfill their treaty obligations.

11. Trade relations: managing cross-border commerce  Countries use trade relations to show their approval or disapproval of a government.  Vietnam  1975- US cut off trade after it was taken over by a communist government  1994- President Clinton lifts the trade embargo  2001- US and Vietnam signed a trade agreement, resulting in trade growing from $1.5 billion a year to nearly $10 billion a year in 2007  Most-favored-nation clause- means that the other country will be granted all trade advantages, such as low tariffs, that other nations trading with the US gets. Puts nations on equal footing.

12. Foreign Aid: assisting less wealthy countries  US provided foreign aid to about 150 countries in 2004  Five categories of assistance programs:  Bilateral development assistance- help with long-term development of poor countries. Focus on economic reforms, promotion of democracy, environmental protection, and health.  Security assistance- protect US political, economic, and national security interests; war on terror  Humanitarian assistance- help victims of man-made and natural disasters.  Multilateral assistance- donations from multiple countries to fund international organizations such as the World Bank  Military assistance- helps US allies acquire military equipment and training for military and peacekeeping forces.

13. The “Hard Power” Tools of Foreign Policy

14. Intelligence Gathering: assessing foreign threats  Intelligence- the information about the activities and intentions of other countries.  Intelligence agencies- CIA  Gather information related to national security through public sources or by spying.  Information is used to assess possible threats to the nation.

15. Covert action: influencing events in other countries  A secret operation that supports the country’s foreign policy  Agents try to influence what goes on in another country while hiding their role in those events.  Used during the Cold War and after 9/11  Pro- protect Americans from future terrorist attacks  Con- actions violate human rights

16. Boycotts and sanctions: applying economic pressure  Boycott- the refusal to buy goods from a country as a form of protest against its policies  1980 boycott of the Moscow Olympics due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.  Sanction- taken against one or more countries to force a government to change its policies, most commonly economic.  Designed to punish the offending nation’s economy  Tariffs, trade barriers, and other penalties  South Africa and apartheid

17. Military Alliances: defending against attacks  Agreements made by countries to defend one another in case of an attack  Countries join for mutual protection  Particularly important for small countries  NATO

18. Armed force: the tool of last resort  Sometimes, full scale war is not necessary.

19. The Makers and Shapers of Foreign Policy

20. What the Constitution Says about Foreign Policy  Divides the responsibility for developing foreign policy between Congress and the president.  President has the power to negotiate treaties, but the treaties do not go into affect without the approval of the Senate\  President appoints ambassadors to other countries, but the Senate must approve these appointments  President is the commander in chief of the military  Only Congress can declare war and controls the funds to fight a war.

21. The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy  Diplomacy  Department of State- day-to-day relations with foreign countries  US Foreign Service- staff of embassies and consulates  Intelligence  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)  National Security Agency (NSA)  National Security  Department of Defense- foreign policy with military involvement  National Security Council- advises president on foreign policy issues  Economy  National Economic Council- advises president on international and domestic trade issues  Office of the US Trade Representative- oversees trade relations

22. Congressional influence over foreign policy  Power of the purse- the president cannot carry out policies that Congress is unwilling to fund  Congress can pass laws that affect US relations with other countries  Congress has the power to conduct oversight hearings and investigations into foreign policy issues

23. The power of public opinion over foreign policy  What we think can influence foreign policy.  Messages, protests, opinion polls  9/11- Then vs. Now

24. How Worldviews Shape Foreign Policy

25. Isolationism: Withdrawing from world affairs  Do not favor helping other nations with foreign aid  US should stay out of the conflicts of other countries  Example: WWI

26. Containment: Controlling aggressive nations  Came out of WWII and the containment of communism  Thought that world democracies should have stood up against the aggression of Germany, Italy and Japan rather than appease the aggressors.

27. Disengagement: Avoiding military involvements  The “new isolationism”  People want to avoid military actions, but may not be against foreign aid or trade relations.  Reflects the experience of Americans during the Vietnam war

28. Human rights: Using US power to protect others  After the fall of Communism in 1991, containment gave way to a new worldview that was based on protecting human rights.  Somalia  Kosovo

29. Antiterrorism: protecting the homeland  The greatest threat to the US comes from terrorist groups such as al Qaeda.  US should do everything to seek out and destroy terrorist networks.  Should be used to keep weapons of mass destruction out of the hands of the terrorists.