1. The first year of Borexino data Davide Franco on behalf of the Borexino Collaboration Milano University & INFN Heavy Quarks and Leptons June 5-9, 2008 - Melbourne (Victoria)

2. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Neutrino Production In The Sun pp chain: pp, pep, 7 Be, and 8 B CNO cycle: 13 N, 15 O, and 17 F

3. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Solar Neutrino Spectra SNO SuperK (real time) Homestake Sage Gallex GNO Borexino (real time)

4. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne The Solar Physics with Borexino One fundamental input of the Standard Solar Model is the metallicity of the Sun - abundance of all elements above Helium: The Standard Solar Model, based on the old metallicity derived by Grevesse and Sauval (Space Sci. Rev. 85, 161 (1998)), is agreement within 0.5 in % with the solar sound speed measured by helioseismology. Latest work by Asplund, Grevesse and Sauval (Nucl. Phys. A 777, 1 (2006)) indicates a metallicity lower by a factor ~2. This result destroys the agreement with helioseismology [cm -2 s -1 ] pp (10 10 ) pep (10 10 ) hep (10 3 ) 7 Be (10 9 ) 8 B (10 6 ) 13 N (10 8 ) 15 O (10 8 ) 17 F (10 6 ) BS05 AGS 98 6.061.458.254.845.693.072.335.84 BS05 AGS 05 5.991.427.934.344.512.011.453.25  -1%-2%-4%-12%-23%-42%-47%-57% Solar neutrino measurements can solve the problem!

5. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Solar Physics Goals First ever observations of sub-MeV neutrinos in real time Check the balance between photon luminosity and neutrino luminosity of the Sun CNO neutrinos (direct indication of metallicity in the Sun’s core) pep neutrinos (indirect constraint on pp neutrino flux) Low energy (3-5 MeV) 8 B neutrinos Tail end of pp neutrino spectrum?

6. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Neutrino Physics Goals Test of the matter-vacuum oscillation transition with 7 Be, pep, and low energy 8 B neutrinos Check of the mass varying neutrino model (Barger et al., PRL 95, 211802 (2005)) Limit on the neutrino magnetic moment by analyzing the 7Be energy spectrum and with Cr source Moreover: geoneutrinos and supernovae 7 Be pep 8B8B

7. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Borexino Collaboration Kurchatov Institute (Russia) Dubna JINR (Russia) Heidelberg (Germany) Munich (Germany) Jagiellonian U. Cracow (Poland) Perugia Genova APC Paris Milano Princeton University Virginia Tech. University

8. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Abruzzo 120 Km da Roma Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso Assergi (AQ) Italy ~3500 m.w.e Borexino – Rivelatore e impianti Laboratori esterni

9. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Detection principles and signature Borexino detects solar via their elastic scattering off electrons in a volume of highly purified liquid scintillator  Mono-energetic 0.862 MeV 7 Be are the main target, and the only considered so far  Mono-energetic pep, CNO and possibly pp will be studied in the future Detection via scintillation light:  Very low energy threshold  Good position reconstruction  Good energy resolution BUT…  No direction measurement  The induced events can’t be distinguished from other  events due to natural radioactivity Extreme radiopurity of the scintillator is a must! Typical rate (SSM+LMA+Borexino)

10. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Borexino Background - Low background nylon vessel fabricated in hermetically sealed low radon clean room (~1 yr) - Rapid transport of scintillator solvent (PC) from production plant to underground lab to avoid cosmogenic production of radioactivity ( 7 Be) - Underground purification plant to distill scintillator components. - Gas stripping of scintlllator with special nitrogen free of radioactive 85 Kr and 39 Ar from air - All materials electropolished SS or teflon, precision cleaned with a dedicated cleaning module Expected solar neutrino rate in 100 tons of scintillator ~ 50 counts/day (~ 5 10 -9 Bq/Kg) Just for comparison: Natural water~ 10 Bq/Kg in 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K Air~ 10 Bq/m 3 in 39 Ar, 85 Kr and 222 Rn Typical rock~ 100-1000 Bq/m 3 in 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K BX scintillator must be 9/10 order of magnitude less radioactive than anything on earth!

11. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Detector layout and main features Water Tank:  and n shield  water Č detector 208 PMTs in water 2100 m 3 20 legs Carbon steel plates Scintillator: 270 t PC+PPO in a 150  m thick nylon vessel Stainless Steel Sphere: 2212 PMTs 1350 m 3 Nylon vessels: Inner: 4.25 m Outer: 5.50 m

12. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne PMTs: PC & Water proof Installation of PMTs on the sphere Nylon vessel installation

13. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Water Plant Storage area and Plants

14. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne May 15, 2007

15. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Borexino background RadioIsotopeConcentration or FluxStrategy for Reduction NameSourceTypicalRequiredHardwareSoftwareAchieved  cosmic~200 s -1 m -2 ~ 10 -10 UndergroundCherenkov signal <10 -10 at sea level Cherenkov detectorPS analysis(overall) Ext.  rock Water Tank shieldingFiducial Volumenegligible Int.  PMTs, SSS Material SelectionFiducial Volumenegligible Water, Vessels Clean constr. and handling 14 CIntrinsic PC/PPO~ 10 -12 ~ 10 -18 Old Oil, check in CTFThreshold cut ~ 10 -18 238 UDust~ 10 -5 -10 -6 g/g < 10 -16 g/g Distillation, Water Extraction ~ 2 10 -17 232 ThOrganometallic (?)(dust)(in scintillator)Filtration, cleanliness ~ 7 10 -17 7 BeCosmogenic ( 12 C)~ 3 10 -2 Bq/t< 10 -6 Bq/tonFast procurement, distillationNot yet measurable? 40 KDust,~ 2 10 -6 g/g< 10 -14 g/g scin.Water ExtractionNot yet measurable? PPO(dust)< 10 -11 g/g PPODistillation 210 PbSurface contam. Cleanliness, distillationNot yet measurable? from 222 Rn decay (NOT in eq. with 210 Po) 210 Po Surface contam. Cleanliness, distillationSpectral analysis ~ 14 from 222 Rn decay  stat. subtraction ~ 0.01 c/d/t 222 Rnair, emanation from~ 10 Bq/l (air)< 1 c/d/100 tWater and PC N 2 stripping,Delayed coincidence< 0.02 c/d/t materials, vessels~100 Bq/l (water)(scintillator)cleanliness, material selection 39 ArAir (nitrogen)~17 mBq/m 3 (air)< 1 c/d/100 tSelect vendor, leak tightnessNot yet measurable? 85 Kr Air (nitrogen)~ 1 Bq/m 3 in air< 1 c/d/100 tSelect vendor, leak tightnessSpectral fit = 25±3 (learn how to measure it)fast coincidence = 29±14

16. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Expected Spectrum

17. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne The starting point: no cut spectrum

18. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Radial distribution in the 7 Be energy range Radial distribution of muon induced neutrons Spectrum after FV cut (100 tons)

19. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne  FV (R < 3 m) No radial cut R < 3.8 m  statistical subtraction pulse shape analysis

20. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne New results with 192 days of statistics

21. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne New results with 192 days of statistics

22. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Expected interaction rate in absence of oscillations: 75±4 cpd/100 tons for LMA-MSW oscillations: 48±4 cpd/100 tons, which means: Estimated 1σ Systematic Uncertainties * [%] * Prior to Calibration Systematic and Final Result 7 Be Rate: 49±3 stat ±4 syst cpd/100 tons, which means Total Scintillator Mass0.2 Fiducial Mass Ratio6.0 Live Time0.1 Detector Resp. Function6.0 Cuts Efficiency0.3 Total8.5

23. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Before Borexino

24. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne After Borexino

25. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Constraints on pp and CNO fluxes Combining Borexino 7Be results with other experiments,the expected rate in Clorine and Gallium experiments is where Survival Probability measured over predicted flux ratio R i,k and P i,k are calculated in the hypothesis of high-Z SSM and MSW LMA Rk are the rates actually measured by Clorine and Gallium experiments f 8 B is measured by SNO and SuperK to be 0.87 ±0.07 f 7 Be =1.02 ±0.10 is given by Borexino results Plus luminosity constraint: best determination of pp flux!

26. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne EstimateMethod10 -11 μ B SuperK 8B8B<11 Montanino et al. 7 Be<8.4 GEMMAReactor<5.8 Borexino 7 Be<5.4 EM current affects cross section: spectral shape sensitive to μ ν sensitivity enhanced at low energies (c.s.≈ 1/T) Neutrino Magnetic Moment A fit is performed to the energy spectrum including contributions from 14 C, leaving μ as free parameter of the fit Neutrino-electron scattering is the most sensitive test for  search

27. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne What next?

28. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne pep and CNO fluxes  software algorithm based on a three-fold coincidence analysis to subtract efficiently cosmogenic 11 C background  Muon track reconstruction 8 B at low energy region (3-5 MeV) pp seasonal variations (?) High precision measurements  systematic reduction  calibrations geoneutrinos

29. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Conclusion oBorexino opened the study of the solar neutrinos in real time below the barrier of natural radioactivity (4 MeV) oTwo measurements reported for 7 Be neutrinos oBest limits for pp and CNO neutrinos, combining information from SNO and radiochemical experiments oOpportunities to tackle pep and CNO neutrinos in direct measurement oBorexino will run comprehensive program for study of antineutrinos (from Earth, Sun, and Reactors) oBorexino is a powerful observatory for neutrinos from Supernovae explosions within few tens of kpc oBest limit on neutrino magnetic moment. Improve by dedicated measurement with 51 Cr neutrino source

30. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne BackUp

31. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Expectations

32. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Spectrum after  subtraction (above 14 C)  are identified by the OD and by the ID  OD eff: ~ 99%  ID analysis based on pulse shape variables Pulse mean time, peak position in time  Estimated overall rejection factor: > 10 4 (still preliminary)

33. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne The starting point: no cut spectrum 14 C dominates below 200 KeV 210 Po NOT in eq. with 210 Pb Mainly external  s and  s Photoelectrons Statistics of this plot: ~ 1 day Arbitrary units

34. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Spectrum after FV cut (100 tons) Clear 7 Be shoulder After FV cuts 11 C 210 Po Radial distribution in the 7 Be energy range Radial distribution of muon induced neutrons Fast coincidence ( 214 Bi-Po and 212 Bi-Po) subtraction

35. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne  statistical subtraction  FV (R < 3 m) No radial cut R < 3.8 m 2 gaussians fit   Pulse shape analysis

36. Davide Franco – Milano University & INFN HQL08 - Melbourne Large scintillator detector potential  PC+PPO 11 C n 