1. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 12/e Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform

2. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Introduction Introduction  Reforming the National Government

3. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Assassination of McKinley (Library of Congress) Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency –The Accidental President  Roosevelt’s Background

4. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency –Government, Capital, and Labor and Labor  Roosevelt’s Vision of Federal Power Federal Power Theodore Roosevelt in hunting attire (Library of Congress)

5. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency –Government, Capital, and Labor  Roosevelt’s Vision of Federal Power  What was T.R’s theory of “trust busting”? To what extent would he be considered a “trust buster”?

6. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency –Government, Capital, and Labor  Roosevelt’s Vision of Federal Power  Northern Securities Company  What changes did T. R. initiate in the traditional role of the federal government regarding labor disputes? How did he deal with the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902?

7. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency –“The Square Deal”  Hepburn Act

8. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency –“The Square Deal”  Hepburn Act  Pure Food and Drug Act Advertising The Jungle (Library of Congress)

9. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency –How do the competing visions of conservation develop? –Where does TR stand ? –What is his lasting legacy?

10. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency –Roosevelt and Conservation  Federal Aid to the West Roosevelt and Pre- servation  National Parks and Forests and Forests Establishment of National Parks and Forests

11. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency –The Hetch Hetchy Controversy Controversy  Competing Conservationist Visions Conservationist Visions Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir in Yosemite (Library of Congress)

12. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency –The Panic of 1907  Tennessee Coal and Iron Company

13. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The Troubled Succession The Troubled Succession  William Howard Taft William Howard Taft (Library of Congress)

14. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The Troubled Succession The Troubled Succession –Taft and the Progressives  Payne-Aldrich Tariff

15. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The Troubled Succession The Troubled Succession –Taft and the Progressives  Payne-Aldrich Tariff  Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute

16. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The Troubled Succession The Troubled Succession –The Return of Roosevelt  “New Nationalism”

17. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The Troubled Succession The Troubled Succession –Spreading Insurgency  Progressive Dominance

18. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The Troubled Succession The Troubled Succession –Spreading Insurgency  Progressive Dominance  La Follette and Roosevelt

19. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The Troubled Succession The Troubled Succession –Roosevelt versus Taft  The Progressive Party (Taft has) “…completely twisted around the policies I advocated and acted upon.” Theodore Roosevelt

20. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom –Woodrow Wilson  Wilson’s “New Freedom”— what were the main points? How did it differ from “New Nationalism”? Election of 1912

21. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom –The Scholar as President  Lowering the Tariff—Why Was graduated income tax Needed? How was it a departure from Gilded Age Pres tariffs? Woodrow Wilson (Library of Congress)

22. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom –The Scholar as President  Lowering the Tariff  Federal Reserve Act The Federal Reserve Seal (Royalty-Free /CORBIS)

23. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom –The Scholar as President  Lowering the Tariff  Federal Reserve Act  Federal Trade Commission Act Commission Act  Clayton Anti-Trust Act  16 th Amendment—income Taxes 17 th Amendment—direct Election of senators Woodrow Wilson (Library of Congress)

24. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom –Retreat and Advance  After the initial spate of New Freedom legislation, why did Wilson back away from reform? What led him later in his first term, to advance reform once again?

25. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom –Retreat and Advance  Believed it was complete until Midterm Elections of 1914

26. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom –Retreat and Advance  Midterm Elections of 1914  Child Labor Laws  Brandeis  Keating owen Act  Smith Lever Act

27. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 –Roosevelt and “Civilization”  Racial and Economic Basis of Roosevelt’s Diplomacy “Speak softly, but carry a big stick” Theodore Roosevelt

28. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Constable of the World

29. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 –Roosevelt and “Civilization”  Racial and Economic Basis of Roosevelt’s Diplomacy –Civilized versus uncivilized “Speak softly, but carry a big stick” Theodore Roosevelt

30. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

31. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

32. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Great White Fleet: 1907

33. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 –Protecting the “Open Door” in Asia  “Great White Fleet”—what was its purpose?

34. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 –The Iron-Fisted Neighbor  “Roosevelt Corollary” Corollary” The United States and Latin America, 1895-1941

35. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power power.

36. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

37. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 –The Iron-Fisted Neighbor  “Roosevelt Corollary” Corollary”  Venezuela  Dominican Republic—first test of new RC  Platt Amendment Amendment The United States and Latin America, 1895-1941

38. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 –The Panama Canal  Panamanian Revolt

39. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Panama: The King’s Crown 1850  Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. 1901  Hay-Paunceforte Treaty. Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent provocateur. 1903  Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty.

40. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Panama Canal TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

41. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 –Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy”  Intervention in Nicaragua

42. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

43. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 –Diplomacy and Morality  Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy Woodrow Wilson (Library of Congress)

44. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 –Diplomacy and Morality  Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy  Veracruz

45. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Mexican Revolution: 1910s Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered. Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta. The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country. Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

46. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Mexican Revolution: 1910s Emiliano Zapata Francisco I Madero Venustiano Carranza Porfirio Diaz Pancho Villa

47. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” The U. S. should be the conscience of the world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn colonialism.

48. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Searching for Banditos General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.

49. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 –Diplomacy and Morality  Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy  Veracruz  Intervention in Mexico

50. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Two: The Battle for National Reform The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917 –How did Roosevelt’s “big stick” foreign policy differ from the policies of Taft and Wilson? How were they similar?”