1. The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

2. The Renaissance in Italy

3. What Was the Renaissance? A time of creativity and change in many areas–political, social, economic, and cultural. A time of creativity and change in many areas–political, social, economic, and cultural. Changes took place in the way people viewed themselves and their world. Changes took place in the way people viewed themselves and their world. Renaissance thinkers explored the human experience in the here and now and individual achievement. Renaissance thinkers explored the human experience in the here and now and individual achievement. The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields. The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields.

5. Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy? It was a time of new interest in the culture of ancient Rome. It was a time of new interest in the culture of ancient Rome. The cities of Italy had grown into prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing. The cities of Italy had grown into prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing. The wealthy merchant class in the Italian city- states stressed education and individual achievement and spent money on the arts. The wealthy merchant class in the Italian city- states stressed education and individual achievement and spent money on the arts. Florence produced an amazing number of gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists. Florence produced an amazing number of gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists.

6. Humanism At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism. At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism. Based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. Based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. It was believed that education should stimulate creativity. It was believed that education should stimulate creativity.

7. Renaissance Artists and Writers WRITERS Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance worldPAINTERS Developed realistic style Developed realistic style Learned rules of perspective Learned rules of perspective Used shading to make objects look round & real Used shading to make objects look round & real Studied human anatomy Studied human anatomy Used live models Used live models

9. ARCHITECTS Rejected Gothic style Rejected Gothic style Adopted columns, domes, and arches that had been favored by the Greeks and Romans Adopted columns, domes, and arches that had been favored by the Greeks and Romans

10. Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art Leonardo DaVinci Made sketches of nature and of models Made sketches of nature and of models Dissected corpses to learn how the human body worked Dissected corpses to learn how the human body worked Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Studied botany, anatomy, music, architecture, and engineering Studied botany, anatomy, music, architecture, and engineering Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats

11. Works of Leonardo DaVinci

12. MICHELANGELO Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome Designed the dome for St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome Designed the dome for St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome

13. Michelangelo

14. RAPHAEL Studied the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo Studied the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo Paintings blended Christian and classical styles Paintings blended Christian and classical styles Best known for paintings of the Madonna, the biblical mother of Jesus Best known for paintings of the Madonna, the biblical mother of Jesus

15. Works of Raphael

16. The Renaissance Moves North The Northern Renaissance began in Flanders and later spread to Spain, France, Germany, and England. The Northern Renaissance began in Flanders and later spread to Spain, France, Germany, and England.

17. Artists of the Northern Renaissance Albrecht Durer traveled to Italy to study. Through his art and essays, he helped spread the Renaissance to Germany. He is called the “German Leonardo.” Jan and Hubert van Eyck painted townspeople in rich, realistic detail. They also developed oil paint.

18. Pieter Bruegel used vibrant colors to portray peasant life. His work influenced later Flemish artists.

19. Northern Humanists Like in Italy, northern humanists stressed education and classical learning. Like in Italy, northern humanists stressed education and classical learning. At the same time, they believed that the revival of ancient learning should be used to bring about religious and moral reforms. At the same time, they believed that the revival of ancient learning should be used to bring about religious and moral reforms. Two humanists: Erasmus called for reform of the church and for the bible to be translated from Latin into the vernacular, or language of ordinary people. Erasmus called for reform of the church and for the bible to be translated from Latin into the vernacular, or language of ordinary people. Thomas More pressed for social reform and wrote of a utopian society. Thomas More pressed for social reform and wrote of a utopian society.

20. The Printing Press

21. The Printing Revolution In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using the first printing press and printing inks. IMPACT: Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce. Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce. With books more readily available, more people learned to read. With books more readily available, more people learned to read. Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas. Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas.

22. Northern Renaissance Literature SHAKESPEARE English poet who was the towering figure of Renaissance literature English poet who was the towering figure of Renaissance literature Wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world Wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world His love of words vastly enriched the English language. His love of words vastly enriched the English language.

23. Shakespeare

24. Class Work Assignment: Page 416 #3-6 Page 416 #3-6 Page 417 #1-2 Page 417 #1-2 Page 421 #3-6 Page 421 #3-6 Page 422 #1-2 Page 422 #1-2 You may work with one other person!

25. The Protestant Reformation In the 1500’s, calls for reform would shatter Christian unity- the movement was known as the Protestant Reformation. In the 1500’s, calls for reform would shatter Christian unity- the movement was known as the Protestant Reformation. People who joined the reform were called Protestants, for those who “protested” papal authority. People who joined the reform were called Protestants, for those who “protested” papal authority.

26. Abuses in the Church Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the Church had become increasingly caught up in worldly affairs: Popes competed for political power, fought wars to protect their land, lived lavishly. Popes competed for political power, fought wars to protect their land, lived lavishly. Some clergy promoted the sale of indulgences. Some clergy promoted the sale of indulgences. The Church increased fees for services such as weddings and baptisms to finance projects. The Church increased fees for services such as weddings and baptisms to finance projects.

27. Martin Luther German monk and professor of theology German monk and professor of theology Saw the church as corrupt and worldly Saw the church as corrupt and worldly Wrote arguments against the church, it was called the 95 Theses Wrote arguments against the church, it was called the 95 Theses They were quickly printed and distributed across Europe They were quickly printed and distributed across Europe

28. The Teachings of Martin Luther- “Lutheranism” Salvation is achieved through faith alone. Salvation is achieved through faith alone. The Bible is the sole source of religious truth. The Bible is the sole source of religious truth. Luther rejected the idea that priests and Church officials (Pope) had special powers. Luther rejected the idea that priests and Church officials (Pope) had special powers. All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible. All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible.

29. Why Did Lutheranism Receive Widespread Support? Luther’s ideas spread quickly in northern Germany. Luther’s ideas spread quickly in northern Germany. Many saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to Church corruption. Many saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to Church corruption. Peasants hoped that Luther would support social and economic change. Peasants hoped that Luther would support social and economic change.

30. John Calvin The most important Protestant reformer to follow Martin Luther was John Calvin. The most important Protestant reformer to follow Martin Luther was John Calvin. He preached predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. He preached predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva. A theocracy is a government run by Church leaders. In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva. A theocracy is a government run by Church leaders. Calvinists faced opposition and persecution from other religious groups. Calvinists faced opposition and persecution from other religious groups.

31. Calvinism The church was run by a group of elders. The church was run by a group of elders. Believed that the Bible was the sole source of religious truth. People must be able to read the Bible and interpret it for themselves. Believed that the Bible was the sole source of religious truth. People must be able to read the Bible and interpret it for themselves. Harshly restricted social life for members: no laughing, no dancing, no swearing- all could be punished and fined. Harshly restricted social life for members: no laughing, no dancing, no swearing- all could be punished and fined. Theaters and other entertainment was shut down. Theaters and other entertainment was shut down. Stressed hard work, discipline, honesty, morality, thrift Stressed hard work, discipline, honesty, morality, thrift

32. Reformation Ideas Spread England and the Church Henry VIII of England asked the pope to annul his marriage, the pope refused. Henry VIII of England asked the pope to annul his marriage, the pope refused. Henry took the Church from the pope’s control and created the Church of England. Henry took the Church from the pope’s control and created the Church of England. Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to England. She had hundreds of English Protestants burned at the stake. Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to England. She had hundreds of English Protestants burned at the stake. Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between Protestants and Catholics.

33. The Catholic Reformation Pope Paul III led a vigorous reform movement within the Catholic Church. Pope Paul III led a vigorous reform movement within the Catholic Church. He set out to revive the moral authority of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide by strengthening the Inquisition. He set out to revive the moral authority of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide by strengthening the Inquisition.

34. Effects of the Protestant Reformation Immediate Effects Peasants’ Revolt Peasants’ Revolt Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands

35. Long-Term Effects Religious wars in Europe Religious wars in Europe Catholic Reformation Catholic Reformation Strengthening of the Inquisition Strengthening of the Inquisition Jewish migration to Eastern Europe & increased anti-Semitism Jewish migration to Eastern Europe & increased anti-Semitism

36. Widespread Persecution During this period of heightened religious passion, both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance. During this period of heightened religious passion, both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance. Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants killed Catholics. Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants killed Catholics. Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of people, mostly women, died as victims of witch hunts. Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of people, mostly women, died as victims of witch hunts. In some places, Jews were forced to live in ghettos, or separate quarters of the city. In other places, they were expelled from Christian lands and their books and synagogues were burned. In some places, Jews were forced to live in ghettos, or separate quarters of the city. In other places, they were expelled from Christian lands and their books and synagogues were burned.

37. Major European Religions about 1600

38. The Scientific Revolution Changing Views of the Universe Until the mid-1500s, Europeans accepted Ptolemy’s theory, that the Earth was the center of the universe. This theory matched the teachings of the Church. Until the mid-1500s, Europeans accepted Ptolemy’s theory, that the Earth was the center of the universe. This theory matched the teachings of the Church. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the universe. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the universe. Johannes Keppler proposed that each planet moved around the sun in an oval-shaped orbit called an ellipse. Johannes Keppler proposed that each planet moved around the sun in an oval-shaped orbit called an ellipse. Galileo Galilei built a telescope and confirmed the heliocentric model. This discovery caused an uproar and Galileo was tried before the Inquisition. Galileo Galilei built a telescope and confirmed the heliocentric model. This discovery caused an uproar and Galileo was tried before the Inquisition.

39. Galileo

40. The Scientific Method This new approach to science depended on observation and experimentation. This new approach to science depended on observation and experimentation.

41. Scientific Advances Isaac Newton proposed the law of gravity. Isaac Newton proposed the law of gravity. Robert Boyle differentiated elements from compounds and explained the effects of temperature and pressure on gases. Robert Boyle differentiated elements from compounds and explained the effects of temperature and pressure on gases. Andreas Vesalius published the first accurate study of human anatomy. Andreas Vesalius published the first accurate study of human anatomy.

42. William Harvey described the circulation of blood for the first time. William Harvey described the circulation of blood for the first time. Pare developed an ointment for preventing infection and a technique for stitching wounds. Pare developed an ointment for preventing infection and a technique for stitching wounds. Anthony von Leeuwenhoek perfected the microscope and was the first human to see cells and microorganisms. Anthony von Leeuwenhoek perfected the microscope and was the first human to see cells and microorganisms.