1. Punishments should know no degree or grade, but from ministers of state and generals down to great officers and ordinary folk, whoever does not obey the king’s commands, violates the laws of the state, or rebels against the statutes fixed by the ruler should be guilty of death and should not be pardoned. Merit acquired in the past should not cause a decrease in the punishment for demerit later, nor should good behavior in the past cause any ignoring of the law for wrong done later. If loyal ministers and sons do wrong, they should be judged according to the full measure of their guilt, and if among the officials who have to maintain the law and to uphold an office, there are those who do not carry out the king’s law, they are guilty of death and should not be pardoned, but their punishment should be extended to their family for three generations. Colleagues who, knowing their offense, inform their superiors will themselves escape punishment…. Therefore I say that if there are severe penalties that extend to the whole family, people will not dare to try [how far they can go], and as they dare not try, no punishments will be necessary... Shang Yang (390 BC – 338 BC)

2. Self-actualization (self-knowledge, fulfillment of personal potential) Esteem (autonomy, achievement, recognition) Social (belonging, affection) Safety (security, protection from harm) Physiological (Hunger, thirst, shelter) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

3. What does it mean to be civilized? 18th Century European – Civilized vs. primitive – White vs. everyone else Historians have determined 6 characteristics of civilization: » Cities » Organized central governments » Complex religions » Social classes » Job specialization and the arts » Writing

4. River Valley Civilizations Egypt Mesopotamia

6. Egypt

7. Favorable Geography Benefits of Nile – Rich soil – Water – Transportation Natural Boundaries

8. Egyptian History Early gov’ts to control Nile Eventually combined: – Lower Egypt (north) – Upper Egypt (south) Old Kingdom – 3,100-2,200 BC – Pyramids built as tombs

9. Egyptian History Middle Kingdom – 2,200-1,730 BC – Age of Nobles – Canal from Nile to Red Sea – Ended by Hyksos with horses/chariots

10. Egyptian History New Kingdom – 1,570-1100 BC – The Empire – Ramses II – Tutankhamen

12. Egyptian Life Pharaoh=absolute monarch Privileged aristocracy – Pharaoh & his family – Nobles – Priests Unprivileged masses – Peasants – Slaves

13. Egyptian Life Economic activities – Depended chiefly on agriculture – Glassblowing – Imported timber and copper Religious beliefs – Polytheistic – Mummification

14. Egyptian Contributions Math – Surveyed land Art – Huge stone statues – Carved/painted various scenes Architecture & engineering – Pyramids and temples – Dams and irrigation canals

15. Egyptian Contributions Hieroglyphs on papyrus – History – Scientific/Math knowledge – Government/Business records Science – Solar-year calendar (365 days) – Prepared mummies – Recognized/Treated diseases

16. Mesopotamia

17. Fertile Crescent Divided into: – East Tigris and Euphrates river valleys (Mesopotamia) – West Eastern Mediterranean coast

18. Influence of Geography Rivers/Coastline – Seaports/trade developed Lack of stone – Clay for construction & writing Low, level plains – No natural barriers to invasion

19. Peoples Sumerians Babylonians Hebrews Phoenicians Lydians Hittites Assyrians Chaldeans Persians

20. Sumerians 4,000 BC -Independent city-states Contributions – Cuneiform on clay tablets – System of numbers based on 60 Basis of time and rotation units – Architecture Invented arch Built ziggurats

22. Babylonians 1750 BC led by Hammurabi – Conquered other city-states Contributions – Code of Hammurabi – Astronomy Led to astrology

23. Hebrews 1400-1200 BC -moved from SE tip of Fertile Crescent to SW – Conquered by various Mesopotamian peoples Contributions – Monotheism – Old Testament – Emphasis on high moral principles

24. Phoenicians 1200-800 BC-north of Palestine on Mediterranean coast – Traded throughout Mediterranean – Established colonies – Specialized in purple (royal color) Contributions – Missionaries of civilization – Alphabet

25. Lydians After 1000 BC lived in Asia Minor Contribution – Coinage of money

26. Hittites About 2000 BC appeared in northern Asia Minor (area rich in iron) Contribution – Iron

27. Assyrians After 800 BC built an empire – Learned about iron from Hittites – Conquered Fertile Crescent/Egypt – Terrorized enemies and subjects Contributions – Government Divided empire into provinces Built military roads – Library – Art

28. Chaldeans 612 BC overthrew Assyrians – Gained control of Fertile Crescent – Established 2nd Babylonian Empire Contributions – Architecture Nebuchadnezzar- Hanging Gardens of Babylon – Astronomy

29. Persians 6th century BC expanded from Plateau of Iran – Largest empire yet seen Contributions – Government Provinces ruled by satrap Eyes and Ears of the King – Roads for military and trade – Coined money

30. Persians (cont’d.) Contributions – Spread of culture Treated subject peoples humanely Adopted ideas and practices from their conquered peoples Stimulated interchange among peoples – Religion Good and evil

33. River Valley Civilizations Egypt Mesopotamia