1. History 102SY The United States and the Middle East 1900 to the Present

2. An Era of Limits: The Politics of Oil, 1973-1980

3. From early 1970s to early 1980s, US faced fundamental challenge in meeting its own energy needs and those of allies, due largely to instability in ME

4. Two major shocks during this period: 1)Arab oil embargo 1973-1974 2) Iranian Revolution 1978-1979

5. Late 1960s—demand for oil began to outstrip supply, creating a seller’s market; in early 1970s oil companies conceded that Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) could set price of oil

6. Early OPEC meeting, Baghdad, 1960 Late 1960s—demand for oil began to outstrip supply, creating a seller’s market; in early 1970s oil companies conceded that Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) could set price of oil

7. During 1973 War, US sent major airlift of arms to Israel (Soviet Union did same for Egypt and Syria)

8. Late 1973-early 1974—Oil producing Arab states embargoed oil shipments to West, causing major spike in gas prices and in general inflation rate

9. Spring 1974—Oil embargo ended and supply was restored, but prices remained high

10. Ministers of oil-rich countries (like Zaki Yamani of Saudi Arabia) became newly prominent

12. Saudi Arabia vs. Iran Shah Reza Mohammed Pahlavi King Faisal

13. Over next several years there were exaggerated fears that wealthy Arabs were gaining control over American economic and cultural life

15. 1976

16. Network, 1976 “Howard Beale”

17. Network, 1976

21. 1976

22. 1978-1980— “Abscam” affair

23. 1980—American Arab Anti-Discriminiation Committee (ADC) formed in response to Abscam James Abourezk

24. King Tut

25. 1978

26. Jimmy Carter devoted much of his presidency to tackling energy crisis

27. “Moral Equivalent of War”

28. “ M oral E quivalent O f W ar”

31. Accident at Three Mile Island, 1979

34. Late 1970s—Chaos in Iran caused disruption of oil shipments, leading to renewed gas shortages and price hikes

38. Carter’s “Malaise” Speech, 1979

39. US and West had some success in locating alternative sources of oil—Alaska pipeline, North Sea oil— making themselves somewhat less dependent on ME oil