2. Jose Rodriguez

3. Muscles of the lower back help:  stabilize, rotate, flex, and extend the spinal column Muscles connect to the vertebra and bones by ligaments.

4. Violent contraction of low back muscle Ex: lifting up a heavy box Sudden twisting or bending Ex: not being able to hold on to the weights so they pull you down.

5. Swelling Pain Spasms Trouble bending over Affected range of motion

6. According to: Radebold 7-13% of back injuries in intercollegiate athletes in the U.S 60% of those injuries are muscular strains

7. According to: Radebold and Ullrich 90% of adults experience back pain in their life Golfers suffer from it

8. Ice and heat Electrical stimulation Intramuscular injections of muscle relaxants Physical therapy

9. Low Back Muscle Strains http://www.sportsmd.com/Portals/0/altman2%5Cback-pain_athletes.jpg https://is10.eporia.com/company_1036/763327.jpg?cvt=jpeg http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/images/back-pain.jpg http://www.bodybuilding.com/exercises/exerciseImages/sequences/20/Male/l/20_2.jpg http://www.clipsahoy.com/clipart2/aw4392.gif http://www.backandbodyclinic.co.uk/wp- content/uploads/2013/05/shutterstock_73096138.jpg http://images.reachsite.com/39bfa658-5c12-4ff5-b5b2- f85e71bc7beb/media/314327/medium/314327.PNG?gen=1 http://pad2.whstatic.com/images/thumb/9/9c/Treat-a-Back-Spasm-Step-1-preview- Version-2.jpg/670px-Treat-a-Back-Spasm-Step-1-preview-Version-2.jpg http://www.golfdigest.com/golf-tours-news/blogs/local-knowledge/tiger-woods- bad-back-470.jpg

11. Involves supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles of the shoulder Found in both athletes and non-athletes

12. Swimming Tennis Baseball Softball

13. Repetitive micro trauma to shoulder muscles Variations of anatomical structures Tensile overload Internal impingement

14. Pain with muscle contraction Loss of strength in muscle because of pain Tenderness during palpation Decreased range of motion Clicking or catching Weakness Stiffness

15. According to Medscape: Diagnosis formed from MRI or x-ray Prevalence in the United States: 20-30% 33-90% success with conservative treatment Prevalence increases with age Rotator injuries found in younger aged patients form from overuse, subtle instability, and muscle imbalance

16. Conservative Therapy: Rest and decreased activity Shoulder sling Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) Corticosteroid injections Basic shoulder strengthening exercises (gradually and progressively increasing in intensity)

17. If conservative therapy does not improve injury then surgery may be required in the below groups: 1.Unsuccessful 6-week rehabilitation 2.Younger than 60 years 3.Tear is full thickness 4.Individuals who perform activities that require the shoulder

18. Differs according to procedure performed Generally, athlete not allowed to return to overhead activities for 3 months after surgery Rehabilitation program begins

19. http://www.s-teamegypt.com/Lat/Home.aspx http://www.optimumtennis.net/tennis-flat-serve.htm http://www.chrismillerdc.com/video-rotator-cuff-exercises/ http://fxrxinc.com/blog/shoulder-surgery/common-shoulder- injuries-in-the-overhead-athlete/ http://fxrxinc.com/blog/shoulder-surgery/common-shoulder- injuries-in-the-overhead-athlete/ http://www.backandneck.ca/rotator-cuff-injury/ http://blog.harvardvanguard.org/2012/09/frozen-shoulder/ http://www.healthandcare.co.uk/arm-slings.html http://www.hygenicblog.com/2013/07/22/which-passive- exercises-are-best-for-post-op-rotator-cuff-patients/ http://www.hygenicblog.com/2013/07/22/which-passive- exercises-are-best-for-post-op-rotator-cuff-patients/