1. Cell Growth and Division

2. When cells get too big, two problems happen 1. DNA gets overloaded 2. Materials can’t get exchanged 1. Can’t get into and out of the cell fast enough 1. Surface area problem 2. Food is used up too fast and waste is produced too fast 1. Volume problem

3. Cell Size Surface Area (length x width x 6) Volume (length x width x height) Ratio of Surface Area to Volume Ratio of Surface Area to Volume in Cells Larger the ratio, the more efficient the cell is

4. Cell Division Process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells Two steps  Mitosis Division of the nucleus  Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm

5. Chromosomes Only see during cell division Before division, copied Made of sister chromatids attached at centromere Each new cell gets one chromatid

6. Cell Cycle M phase (Mitosis) Interphase G 1 phaseS phaseProphaseG 2 phaseMetaphaseTelophaseAnaphase includes is divided into

7. M phase G 2 phase S phase G 1 phase

8. Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Go to Section:

9. INTERPHASE NOT A STEP OF MITOSIS!!! Between cell divisions Cell growth (G1 phase) DNA replication (S phase) Preparation for mitosis (G2 phase)

10. Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Go to Section:

11. PROPHASE First phase See chromosomes Nuclear envelope breaks down

12. Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Go to Section:

13. METAPHASE Chromosomes line up in the Middle of the cell

14. Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Go to Section:

15. ANAPHASE Chromosomes pull Apart

16. Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Go to Section:

17. TELOPHASE Two nuclear envelopes reform Chromosomes condense

18. Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Go to Section:

19. Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides Cell membrane joins to make two cells

22. Cells grow until they come in contact with other cells

23. Cyclins A sample of cytoplasm is removed from a cell in mitosis. A sample is injected into a second cell in G 2 of interphase. As a result, the second cell enters mitosis. Cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle Internal regulators External regulators Cancer happens when cell division is uncontrolled

24. The Arctic Fox versus the Desert Fox (Fennec Fox)