2. Objectives How did scientific progress promote trust in human reason? How did the social contract and separation of powers affect views on government? How did new ideas affect society and the economy? Identify the philosophies of major Enlightenment thinkers such as: John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Rosseau, Voltaire

3. FIRST--Old Ideas/Documents that Influenced our Government….

4. Magna Carta 1215-English nobles force King John to sign the Magna Carta Document forced King to agree that he was not above the law and had to abide by the rules himself! Guaranteed English political and civil liberties Guaranteed rights and “freemen” Property could not be seized by the king or his officials Could not be taxed unless society agreed upon a tax Right to a fair trial with jury of “peers” Gave right to elect representatives to government Group Q: What seems familiar when some of the rules the Magna Carta proclaimed? What basic rights did the Magna Carta protect?

5. Parliament-1258 AD An advisory council to the king. Legislative Branch – law making Made of two houses: bicameral House of Lords – Nobles House of Commons – Land Owners Importance: Beginnings of Representative Government Group Q-Why do you think a “bicameral” legislative branch (law making branch) is a good thing?

6. Mayflower Compact The Mayflower Compact -1620-Pilgrims travel from England to Massachusetts on the Mayflower -Needing a government, they create a list of rules called the “Mayflower Compact” -Helped to establish practice of self-government and majority rule Group Q-In your group, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of “majority rule.” What groups of people do you think could be “mis-represented” by “majority rule?”

7. English Bill of Rights 1689-King William III and Queen Mary II (Jointly ruled England from 1689-1702 English Bill of Rights was a set list of specific rights of English people and of Parliament Monarch could not cancel laws or impose taxes unless parliament agreed Free elections and frequent meetings to be held Excessive fines and cruel punishments forbidden Citizens allowed to complain about government without fear of being arrested IMPORTANT! English Bill of Rights made it so laws/rules were passed by PARLIAMENT, and NOT the King!!!

8. Group Q-What basic right is being allowed/followed by allowing people to complain about their government? Do you believe it is right or wrong for people to be allowed to “talk smack” about their government leaders? Why or why not?

9. What does it mean to be “enlightened”?

10. Major Enlightenment Ideas Every social, political and economic problem could be solved through the use of reason Governments are created to secure an orderly society Separation of powers is the best way to protect human liberties All men are created “free and equal” A free market should be allowed to regulate trade

11. To gain knowledge and wisdom: to be freed from prejudice, ignorance, or superstition

12. Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment 1500-1700: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature –Very successful: Planetary movements, chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc. Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws? –Laws that govern human nature –Reformers begin studying human nature and societal problems

13. Social Contract Thomas HobbesJohn Locke Humans are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract. Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society. Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly. Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property People form governments to protect natural rights Best government was one with limited power If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government

14. What is the Enlightenment commonly referred to as?

15. The Age of Reason

16. What is “reason”?

17. To think logically

18. How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from scientists?

19. They applied reason to the “human world” not just the natural world! Natural World: Scientists applied reason to it using the scientific method The Human world includes government and law

20. When was the Enlightenment?

21. 1600-1800 17th and 18th centuries

22. How were the Enlightenment and Renaissance similar?

23. Both studied the ideas and art of ancient Greece and Rome.

24. What new form of literature evolved during the Age of Enlightenment?

25. The novel The most popular novel author today is John Grisham Tom Clancy is also very popular today

26. What Age of Enlightenment book did Thomas Hobbes write?

27. Leviathan A Leviathan is a huge “sea monster”

28. What did Hobbes argue was the best form of government in Leviathan?

29. Absolutism: to manage behavior The Leviathan, or sea monster, represents the all powerful government Hobbes believed exist to avoid chaos Hobbes absolute ruler

30. Who wrote the Two Treatises of Government? The mystery author!

31. John Locke

32. A. What did Locke argue was the best form of Government? B. Why?

33. A. democracy B. Locke believed in democracy because he argued the people were SOVEREIGN- - the people have ultimate power

34. What three rights did Locke say the Government MUST protect?

35. Life, liberty, and property

36. What affects did John Locke have on the United States?

37. He influenced the Declaration of Independence. “among these rights are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ”

38. Who wrote The Spirit of Laws? Who is this author?

39. Baron de Montesquieu Montesquieu was from France

40. What idea about the structure of government did Montesquieu express in Spirit?

41. Separation of Powers Baron de Montesquieu: Criticized absolute monarchy and admired British government –British protected themselves from tyranny by dividing powers of government between three branches: legislative, executive and judicial (misconception) –Each branch of government should be able to ‘check’ the other two What government does this sound like?

42. “separation of powers” --3 branches of government

44. Why did Montesquieu advocate “separation of powers”?

45. In order to avoid one person gaining all the power (NO ABSOLUTISM!)

46. If Montesqueiu is AGAINST absolutism, then which thinker does he disagree with?

47. Thomas Hobbes A Leviathan: The absolute government

48. What affect did Montesquieu have on the United States ?

49. Montesquieu influenced the U.S. Constitution The Constitution sets up three branches of Government, just as Montesquieu recommended.

50. What was Voltaire famous for saying?

51. “I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it”

52. What does this quote defend?

53. Freedom of speech and religion

54. What was Voltaire’s opinion on the relationship between religion and the government?

55. There should be “separation of church and state” Church State

56. Who wrote the Social Contract ?

57. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

58. What does Rousseau say about “The Social (or society’s) Contract?”

59. It is a contract between the people and their rulers

61. What does Rousseau say should happen if this contract is broken by the rulers?

62. The people should rebel! The Storming of Bastille Liberty leading the People by Delacroix

63. List the Five Enlightenment writers/thinkers

64. 1. Thomas Hobbes 2. John Locke 3. Baron de Montesquieu 4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 5. Voltaire

65. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? Which Enlightenment thinker influenced it the most?

66. Thomas Jefferson John Locke

67. What were the effects of the Enlightenment? (Use the acronym)

68. The Enlightenment had some F.A.S.T. thinkers! “I know the answer, I know the answer”

69. Which Enlightenment effect does the “F” in F.A.S.T. stand for?

70. Fueled democratic revolutions around world (American, French) F. Bastille: The French Revolution Begins July 14, 1789! Signing of the Declaration of Independence: July 4, 1776

71. Which Enlightenment effect does the “A” in F.A.S.T. stand for?

72. Applied reason to the human world (government, law) A

73. Which Enlightenment effect does the “S” in F.A.S.T. stand for?

74. Stimulated religious tolerance S. “It would be reasonable if we all just got along, wouldn’t it? Billy Graham,Protestant, and Pope John Paul II

75. Which Enlightenment effect does the “T” in F.A.S.T. stand for?

76. Taught that our rights come from natural law NOT the government T. Natural rights

77. Name two famous Enlightenment composers of music.

78. Johann Sebastian Bach Wolfgang Amedeus Mozart

79. What famous Enlightenment painting is this?

80. Liberty Leading the People Lady Liberty

81. Who painted Liberty Leading the People?

82. Eugene Delacroix