1. The Hudson Enlightenment! You are now your own country so you need a few things (make sure to write this on a piece of paper): – Name your country Where would you be located? Use the bowl of crayons and paper at every group, design a flag – System of government: Chose between a monarchy, an absolute monarchy, a democracy, or an anarchy but the most important thing is why? – A way to choose your leaders Is it passed down? Do you vote? – How do you defend yourselves? Who controls it?

2. Mrs. Stoffl 9.4.15

3. What is the Enlightenment?  Era from 1650-1800  A new intellectual mvm’t that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems  aka Age of Reason

4. The Social Contract Theory Thomas Hobbes  Leviathan (1651)  Humans are naturally selfish and wicked  Humans need a gov’t to maintain order  People must hand over their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order → social contract  b/c people act in their own self-interest, the ruler needs total power to keep the citizens under control  This ruler would be an absolute monarch...a leviathan!  Ruler by divine right vs. consent of the governed.

6. John Locke  More positive view of human nature  People could learn from experience and ∴ improve themselves  People are rational/reasonable + have the natural ability to govern themselves and look after the welfare of society  All people born free and = w/3 natural rights:  Life, Liberty, and Property  The purpose of gov’t is to protect these rights  If gov’t fails to do so, citizens can overthrow it

7. Locke’s Modern Day Impact  People come to govern by the consent of the people  ∴ the gov’t get its power by the consent of the people  Helped to inspire many revolutions throughout history

8. The Philosophes and Reason Philosophes: social critics of the Enlightenment era that were known to have regularly met in Paris to discuss politics and ideas  believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life Newton and Voltaire

9. Isaac Newton  His concept of applying reason to science influenced the 5 core beliefs of the philosophes: 1. Reason - truth could be discovered through reason/logical thinking 2. Nature - what was natural was also good and reasonable 3. Happiness - people should seek well-being on earth 4. Progress – society + humankind can improve 5. Liberty - liberties of the English and a B.O.R

10. Voltaire  (Francis Arouet)  Published 70+ books of political essays, philosophy and drama  Used satire against his opponents (clergy, aristocracy & the French gov’t)  Made enemies b/c sharp tongue and honesty  Sent to prison twice, exiled to England after 2nd time for >2 years.  Fought for: Tolerance, Reason, Freedom of Religion and Speech p.196 quotes! “He used…” “I do not…”

11. The HHS Enlightenment continued:  What kind of rights would the people of your country have?  - You don’t have to model this on the United States either, use your own experiences  - Are there certain things you think people should be allowed to do and aren’t?  - Are there things that you think people should not be allowed to do and are?

12. Baron de Montesquieu  The Separation of Powers  Modeled after the political system in Britain  On the Spirit of Laws (1748)  Separation of powers → keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the gov’t  “Power...should be a check to power.”

13. Talk it out! Do you think for your country that a separation of powers is necessary? Why?

14. Jean Jacques Rousseau  Committed to individual freedom  Argued that civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness  Argued for a pure direct democracy → a gov’t strictly as a guide of the “general will”  Freely formed by the people  Rousseau’s Social Contract: A contract b/w free individuals to create a society and a gov’t  Legitimate gov’t, a democracy, came from the consent of the governed (like Hobbes or Locke?)  Titles of nobility should be abolished, all ppl =

15. Cesare Beccaria  Focused on the Criminal Justice System  Laws exist to preserve social order not to avenge crimes  Criticized abuses of justice e.g. torturing, cruel punishment, irregular court proceedings  People should receive a speedy trial free from any torture  The punishment should match the crime  Abolish capital punishment

16. Back to the HHS Enlightenment! Someone in your country just broke the law, what do you do with them? – Make sure to say what the offense was, then how you deal with it

17. Mary Astell  A Serious Proposal to the Ladies (1694)  Addressed the lack of educational opportunities for women  Used Enlightenment arguments about gov’t to address the un= relationship b/w men & women in marriage

18. Mary Wollstonecraft  A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)  Disagreed w/ Rousseau’s statement that women’s education should be 2ndary to men’s  Women, just like men, need edu. to become virtuous and useful  Urged women to enter male-dominated fields of medicine and politics

19. Legacy of the Enlightenment  What you just did is a legacy of the Enlightenment!  The importance of progress:  Improvements in math, science, technology  Confidence in the idea that logic and reason could solve social problems  Argued for an end to slavery, and more democracy  A wider focus on the secular:  Mysteries of the Universe no longer solely the workings of God → question traditional beliefs  The importance of the individual:  Use individual reason to judge right/wrong → especially as people moved away from the church  Gov’t formed by individuals to promote overall welfare  Economy improved by people acting in their own self-interest (Adam Smith)  Individualism