1. Unit 9: Evolution 9A Fossils FOUR Eras: 1. 2. 3. 4.

2. EraPeriodEpochAge (years ago) Representative Life Forms Cenozoic QuarternaryRecent Pleistocene 100 000 1 000 000 Humans, modern plants & animals Extinction of many mammals; primitive humans; grasslands TertiaryPliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene 10 000 000 30 000 000 40 000 000 60 000 000 75 000 000 Early humans & mammals; herbs Mammals; grasses Primates & mammals; forests Primitive horse & mammals flowering plants Mammals predominant; more modern flowering plants Mesozoic Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic 135 000 000 165 000 000 205 000 000 Extinction of giant reptiles (dinosaurs); birds & insects; flowering plants Dinosaurs dominant; primitive birds & mammals; earliest flowering plants Dinosaurs & reptiles; early mammals; primitive seed plants CHART READING: The Lily of the Valley is a flowering plant. When is the earliest that this plant could have first evolved?

3. EraPeriodEpochAge (years ago) Representative Life Forms Paleozoic Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian 230 000 000 280 000 000 325 000 000 360 000 000 425 000 000 500 000 000 Rise of insects; early reptiles Insects & amphibians; mosses & ferns Age of fishes; early emphibians; early bryophytes; ferns Club mosses; insects & other invertebrates Primitive mollusks & fish; algae Protists; sponges, jellyfish; spore- producing plants Precambrian 4 500 000 000Monera; simple protists, fungi; simple invertebrates CHART READING: What were the first organisms on Earth according to this table?

4. Early Earth __________ atmosphere (methane, ammonia, hydrogen, water vapor) and acid rain. Lots of __________ Solid land mass (lots of _____________ eruptions) Massive ___________ No ________ No ozone= ___ radiation ___________________ 9 A Fossils

5. First Life 9. A Fossils First organisms were _____________ (, ) ___________________ (did not use oxygen) __________________ (consume other organisms.) Later some evolved the ability to _______________ or ___________ Lead to change in atmosphere __________________________

6. Fossil Dating Relative Dating 9.A Fossils Fossils are dated by their _______________, meaning the ________ the fossil is the ______ in the ground it will be Problems? *

7. Fossil Dating Absolute Dating- Also called ____________________ or ______________________ _______________ decay (break down) at a predictable ________. By looking at how much of the ______________ is left, you can determine the __________ of the fossil. 9.A Fossils

8. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck- The Theory of USE AND DISUSE 9.B Natural Selection Traits that organisms ____ will become stronger and better and will be passed on to _____________________. Traits that are not _______ will ____________________. Problem: Traits acquired during your lifetime are NOT _________ and therefore will NOT be ______________

9. Charles Darwin- Natural Selection Theory 9.B Natural Selection At age 22, went on trip on the HMS Beagle. He was a naturalist and collected organisms at each stop. Stopped at the ____________Islands and studied _________________. Organisms have__________ to help them survive in their ___________ and these traits will be passed on. Published The ______of _________ in 1859. _____________________________ ______________.

10. 1. Overproduction 9.B Natural Selection Organisms produce more offspring _______ ____________________. There is a ____________ ____________________

11. 2. Competition 9.B Natural Selection Organisms must struggle for existence and compete for ________________: F W H M

12. 3. Genetic Variation 9.B Natural Selection Organisms in a population have ____________________(some are helpful, some are not) that ______________________

13. 4. Survival of the Fittest 9.B Natural Selection Organisms with _________ ______________________ Fittest doesn’t mean ____________ A fit trait is ____ always be the fittest in ____________ ______________________

14. 5. Reproduction 9.B Natural Selection Those that survive will reproduce, ___________ _____________________________________.

15. 6. Speciation 9.B Natural Selection After many generations a __________________; can no longer _________________________________________.

16. Example of Natural Selection: Antibiotic Resistance 9.B Natural Selection _______________ with species variation antibiotic = competition survival of the fittest live to __________ ______________

17. Types of Evolution: Convergent Evolution 9.B Natural Selection Convergent = ____________________ Organisms that are ___________________will start to ___________________________________________

18. Types of Evolution: Divergent Evolution 9.B Natural Selection Divergent = ____________________ Organisms that ______________start to look ____________________________________

19. Types of Evolution: Divergent Evolution 9.B Natural Selection _______________________can cause divergent evolution _______________________________ _____________________________if separated from one another After many generations ____________ _______________________________ _______________evolution results- the new species _________________

20. _________________ ___________________ (Darwin) (Gould) Rates of Evolution: _______________________ ____________in the species Interupted with short periods __________________(looks like stairs when graphed) Changes in a population happen _________________ ________________________ 9.B Natural Selection

21. Selective Breeding: _______________________________________ improved plant breeding purebred dogs

22. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? Mimicry type of _____________________________ organism _________________________________ to avoid predators

23. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? ___________ Examples: monarch and viceroy butterflies, coral and king snake

24. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? Camouflage ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________

25. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? _______________ Examples: seahorse, cicada, peppered moths

26. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? Homologous Structures _______________________________________

27. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? ___________________________ Examples: mouse and bird shrew and frog pig and lizard

28. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? Analogous Structures results from ___________________ ____________________ Organisms evolved _____________ ____________________________

29. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? _____________________ Examples:Jack-in-the-Pulpit bird and insectand iris

30. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? Vestigial Structures____________________________________

31. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? _____________________ Examples: human appendix whale’s leg bone cavefish eyes

32. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? Fossils ________________________________________________

33. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? Embryology _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________

34. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? ____________________ Examples: human and whale, chicken and turtle

35. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? DNA and Amino Acids _____________________ _____________________

36. 9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? _______________________ Examples: human and chimpanzee, chicken and pig

37. _________________________Divergent Evolution. Similar structure in different species because of different environments (flipper in whales= arms in humans=wings in birds) __________________________Convergent Evolution. Used for similar purposes but very different in structure. NO common ancestor ( wings in butterflies and wings in birds) __________________________Structures that organisms have that they no longer use. (appendix in humans) __________________ remains of once living organisms that are in rock. Allows scientists to compare current and ancient organisms, and gives clues about past environments. ___________- Shows that the closer related organisms have similar developmental stages _____________________________shows that closer related organisms have similar DNA sequences and produces similar proteins (more proteins in common = closer related) __________ looking like another organism that is more poisonous or dangerous than you. _______________________ looking like your environment to blend in ______________________________Bright colors or patterns to warn others that you are poisonous or should not be messed with 9.C Evidence of Evolution SUMMARY

38. Phylogenic Trees or Cladograms 9.C Evidence of Evolution ____________________________________________

39. Panthera pardus (leopard) Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) Lutra lutra (European otter) Canis familiaris (domestic dog) Canis lupus (wolf) Panthera Mephitis Lutra Canis FelidaeMustelidaeCanidae Carnivora Order Family Genus Species Phylogenic Trees or Cladograms Phenology- _______________ ________________________ Root of tree = _____________ Speciation = ______________ Different species____________ _________________________