1. Global II Chapter 17, Section 2 The Enlightenment – Age of Reason READ: pg. 405 - 408

2. Objectives 6.4Compare the views of Hobbes and Locke 6.5Describe the reforms philosophes and physiocrats wanted 6.6Discuss the democratic principles of Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau

4. 1. English political philosophers Thomas Hobbes Felt people were generally unhappy Ruler should have absolute authority Government exists to provide peace and order John Locke People generally good People have natural rights Government exists to protect rights of people

5. 2. Social Ideas Philosophes : French thinkers – use science + reason to continue human progress (Locke) Middle class – well educated Social Issues: Religious toleration Believe as one wants Freedom of speech and press End to slavery

6. 3. Economic Ideas Physiocrats : Natural laws to explain economics Economic Issues: Opposed Mercantilism Encourage farming (agriculture) Free Market Economy Goods bought and sold w/o controls Trade unrestricted

7. Thomas HobbesJohn Locke Human Nature Authority of Rulers Rights of People Works of Lit. Responsibility of Government

8. Followers of Hobbes Differences in Regards to Locke Absolutists Divine Right Politics Philosophes Social Contract (Locke’s Contract – Democracy) Mercantilists Artificial Laws – Tariffs Economics Physiocrats Free-Market Economy (Laissez-Faire) Elite (aristocracy) Support by Class Middle Class Conformity Religious Toleration Censorship Speech & Press Freedoms

9. Document in Brief Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract In consenting to form a government, Rousseau says, individuals choose to give up their self-interest in favor of the common good. In The Social Contract, Rousseau (1712 – 1788) proposes an ideal society formed through a “social contract,” and based on the natural will of the people. Rousseau believed that people in their natural state were basically good but were corrupted by the evils of society: The first lines of The Social Contract, “Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains,” reflect this idea “Find a form of association that defends and protects the person and goods of each associate with all the common force, and by means of which each one, uniting with all, nevertheless obeys only himself and remains as free as before.” This is the fundamental problem which is solved by the social contract… [F]irst of all, since each one gives his entire self, the condition is equal for everone, and since the condition is equal for everyone, no one has an interest in making it burdensome for the others… If, then, everything that is not the essence of the social compact is set aside, one will find that it can be reduced to the following terms: Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will; and in a body we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole. Instantly, in place of the private person of each contracting party, this act of association produces a moral and collective body, composed of as many members as there are voices in the assembly, which receives from this same act its unity, its common self, its life, and its will. This public person, formed thus by the union of all the others, formerly took the name City, and now takes that of Republic or body politic, which its members call State when passive, Sovereign when active, Power when comparing it to similar bodies. As for the associates, the collectively take the name People; and individually are called Citizens as participants in the sovereign authority, and Subjects as subjects to the laws of the State… ANALYZING THE DOCUMENT Use the excerpts above to answer the following questions. 1.The “social contract” provides a solution to the problem of finding a form of government in which- A people’s differences can be solved peacefully B people remain as free as they were without government C people are not subject to unjust laws D minorities are protected 1.The Republic or body politic is defined as the- A.assembly B.collective body that comes into being when people dissolve the social contract C.collective body that comes into being when private persons enter the social contract D.moral and collective body appointed by the king 1.Critical Thinking: Drawing Conclusions Why did Rousseau believe that people are safe putting themselves under the direction of the “general will”?

10. French Enlightenment Philosophers MontesquieuVoltaireRousseau Pg 406 - 408

11. Homework John Locke What was Locke’s view of government?