1. Ch. 16 Student Assistance

2. Ch.16 RSGs Academic Vocabulary

3. Ch. 16.1 Academic Vocabulary Fort Sumter Robert E. Lee Federal fort in harbor of Charleston, South Carolina Confederate military leader

4. Ch. 16.1 Academic Vocabulary border state King Cotton Slave state that bordered the North Title showing cotton’s importance to the South

5. Ch. 16.1 Academic Vocabulary Anaconda Plan blockade First Battle of Bull Run Union’s plan to surround and defeat the South The preventing of goods or people from entering or leaving an area Early battle that ended with a Confederate victory

6. Ch.16 The Civil War Begins, 1861- 1862 The Civil War beings and develops into a stalemate during the first two years. Both Union and confederate soldiers suffer many hardships. Mrs. Whiteside Strategizing in the Civil War. Man she’s really old!!

7. Ch.16.1 War erupts The secession of the Southern States quickly leads to armed conflict between the North and the South First Shots at Fort Sumter North = United States South = Confederate States – Southern States take over most federal forts within their borders – Federal troops hold Fort Sumter, harbor of Charleston, south Carolina – Abraham Lincoln decides to send supply ships to Fort Sumter – Confederates attack fort before supplies arrive, starts Civil War – U.S. troops defend fort for 34 hours, then surrender Would you have the ability to make the difficult decisions President Lincoln had to make in war if you were in his position? What would you have done the same or differently?

8. Ch.16.1 War erupts The secession of the Southern States quickly leads to armed conflict between the North and the South Lincoln calls out the Militia 1. Why was Virginia important to the Confederacy? President Lincoln asks states for militiamen to put down uprising In the upper South, state leaders refuse request Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas join Confederacy Volunteers rush to enlist in both North and South Virginia is important to the confederacy because – it was a wealthy state with many citizens; – it also was the home of the talented military leader, Robert E. Lee Confederate capital is moved to Richmond, Virginia (May, 1861) Robert E. Lee becomes commanding general of Northern Virginia

9. Ch.16.1 War erupts The secession of the Southern States quickly leads to armed conflict between the North and the South Choosing Sides Border states – slave states that border states in which slavery illegal – Include Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri Maryland stays in Union, keeps Washington D.C. within the Union Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware stay in Union Western counties, Virginia break away, form Union state, West Virginia 24 states make up the Union 11 states join the Confederacy Why might citizens in both the North and the South be eager to fight in the Civil War? Explain. Why were the border states crucial to the war’s outcome?

10. Ch.16.1 War erupts The secession of the Southern States quickly leads to armed conflict between the North and the South Strengths and Weaknesses – 2. What were the South’s greatest war advantages? North – Union – North has 22 million people, South has 9 million people – 85 percent of nation’s factories located in the North – North has more railroad mileage, all the naval power, shipyards – Union has great leaders, President Abraham Lincoln – What do you view as the Union’s greatest strength? Why? South – confederacy – Confederacy has able generals – Union supply lines will have to stretch far to invade the South – Confederates defending homes, have more will to fight than invaders – What do you view as the Confederacy’s greatest strength? Why?

11. Ch.16.1 War erupts The secession of the Southern States quickly leads to armed conflict between the North and the South The Confederate Strategy – 3. How did the South hope to win European support? (2pts) – Confederacy takes defensive position, does not want to conquer North Confederate Strategy to win European support – Uses King Cotton to win foreign support, withholds cotton exports – Hopes to force Britain, France to aid the Confederates by withholding cotton from the European market Europeans have cotton surplus, don’t want to get involved South becomes offensive, tries for big victories to demoralize North What is your opinion of the Confederate Strategy? Good, Bad, Could be better? Explain.

12. Ch.16.1 War erupts The secession of the Southern States quickly leads to armed conflict between the North and the South The Union Strategy North develops offensive strategy – General Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan – smother the South’s economy – Use naval blockade of South’s coastline Blockade – armed forces stop goods, people in or out of an area. – Gain control of the Mississippi River, split Confederacy in two Scott’s plan takes time, Lincoln decides to invade Virginia (1861) What is your opinion of the Union Strategy? Good, Bad, Could be better? Explain.

13. Check out the Resources Chart on p. 484 The Pie Charts show the relative strength of the Union and the Confederacy in population and industry (products produced). 1. Which side had more resources? 2. How might have the North’s railways and factories have helped its armies?

14. Ch.16.1 War erupts The secession of the Southern States quickly leads to armed conflict between the North and the South Battle of Bull Run Confederates defeat Union troops at First Battle of Bull Run (1861) – Victory thrills South, North has underestimated their opponent Lincoln sends militia home, calls for real army of 500,000 volunteers Would you have volunteered? Explain?

15. Ch.16.2 Academic Vocabulary hygiene rifle Conditions and practices that promote health Barreled gun that shot a bullet long distances

16. Ch.16.2 Academic Vocabulary minié ball ironclad A bullet with a hollow base Warship covered with iron

17. Ch.16.2 Life in the Army Both Union and Confederate soldiers endure many hardships serving in the army during the Civil War A Voice from the Past – “ I am glad that Jim (his brother) has not joined any regiment and I hope he never will. I would not have him go for all my pay; it would be very improbable that we could both go through this war unharmed. Let him come here and see the thousands with their arms and legs cut off, or if that won’t do, let him go as I did the other day through the Frederick hospitals and see how little account a man’s life and limbs are held in by others.” – Major Peter Vredenburgh What reasons does the major give for not wanting his brother to enlist? – How do you think the major’s 18 year old brother Jim might have responded to his brother’s warning? –

18. Ch.16.2 Life in the Army Both Union and Confederate soldiers endure many hardships serving in the army during the Civil War Those who fought Most Civil War soldiers are between 18-30 years of age Most soldiers are farmers, majority are born in U.S. Some immigrants serve, most are from Germany, Ireland African Americans want to fight, not accepted in North, South armies Later, North accepts African Americans into its ranks How did most men in the North and South feel about going off to war? Would you have felt the same way?

19. Ch.16.2 Life in the Army Both Union and Confederate soldiers endure many hardships serving in the army during the Civil War Those who fought – 1. What were some of the reasons that soldiers on both sides enlisted to fight in the Civil War? Most Civil War soldiers are volunteers, they volunteer to: – Escape boredom of factory, farm work – Join friends and neighbors – Seek adventure, glory – Get recruitment money – Show loyalty to country, state Which of the above reasons do you think is the most compelling reason to fight? Which is the least compelling reason to fight?

20. Ch.16.2 Life in the Army Both Union and Confederate soldiers endure many hardships serving in the army during the Civil War Turning Civilians into Soldiers After enlisting, a soldier is sent to training camp, usually lives in tent Follows training schedule, gets uniform, clothing often poor quality At camp, soldiers get plenty of food; in the field, get limited food Why would training and drills be important for winning a battle/ the war?

21. Ch.16.2 Life in the Army Both Union and Confederate soldiers endure many hardships serving in the army during the Civil War Hardships of Army life – 2. What was the main cause of death in the Civil War? Civil war soldiers field, often wet, cold, live in crude shelters Camps are unsanitary, soldiers often go for weeks without bathing Results in poor hygiene – conditions, practices that promote health Causes widespread sickness/ diseases – main cause of death What was deadlier than bullets during the war?

22. Ch.16.2 Life in the Army Both Union and Confederate soldiers endure many hardships serving in the army during the Civil War Changes in Military technology – 3. Name two advances in military technology that were used I the Civil War. Weapons improve, results in: Higher casualty rate Battle tactics change Use rifles – guns with grooved barrel, cause bullets to spin Minie ball – bullet with hollow base Rifles using minie balls shoot farther, more accurately than muskets

23. Ch.16.2 Life in the Army Both Union and Confederate soldiers endure many hardships serving in the army during the Civil War Changes in military technology – 3. Name two advances in military technology that were used I the Civil War. Ironclads – warships covered with iron, better than wooden warships First ironclad battle off coast of Virginia (1862) includes: – Confederate Virginia (Merrimack) – Union Monitor After about four hours, battles ends in a draw

24. Ch.16.3 Academic Vocabulary Ulysses S. Grant Union general

25. Ch.16.3 Academic Vocabulary Battle of ShilohBattle in Tennessee noted for its fierce fighting

26. Ch.16.3 Academic Vocabulary cavalry Soldiers on horseback

27. Ch.16.3 Academic Vocabulary Seven Days’ Battles Week-long fighting in which Confederates turned back the Union effort to take Richmond

28. Ch.16.3 Academic Vocabulary Battle of Antietam Battle in Maryland that left 25,000 soldiers dead or wounded

29. Ch.16.3 No end in Sight In the first two years of the war, neither side gains a decisive victory over the other. Union Victories in the West – 1. Why was capturing Fort Henry important? Ulysses S. Grant, Union general in the West Grant’s forces capture two Confederate river forts in Tennessee provided the Union with a river highway into the South. Residents of Nashville flee, Union troops march into Nashville (1862)

30. Ch.16.3 No end in Sight In the first two years of the war, neither side gains a decisive victory over the other. The Battle of Shiloh – 2. Why was the Battle of Shiloh considered a costly victory for the North? Union army fights Confederate army at Battle of Shiloh (1862) Union troops are led by Ulysses S. Grant Confederate commanding general Albert S. Johnston is killed Fresh Union troops arrive, South retreats It suffered a staggering number of casualties. 13,000 Union soldiers are killed, 11,000 Confederates are killed

31. Ch.16.3 No end in Sight In the first two years of the war, neither side gains a decisive victory over the other. The Fall of New Orleans – 3. What goal was the North on its way to achieving with the capture of New Orleans? Admiral David Farrragut, Union fleet capture New Orleans as they were attempting to cut the South in two Union controls most of the Mississippi River Confederates control stretch of river near their fort at Vicksburg

32. Ch.16.3 No end in Sight In the first two years of the war, neither side gains a decisive victory over the other. Lee Claims Victories in the East – 4. For what reasons did Lee invade the North?. General George McClellan, Union troops attempt to recapture Richmond Confederate Jeb Stuart, cavalry (soldiers on horseback) spy McClellan Report size of Union army, Robert E. Lee’s army attacks Union army to force Lincoln to talk peace, to give Virginia farmers a break from the war, to win the support of Britain and France Both sides clash for a week Confederates defeat Union army at Seven Days’ Battles (1862) Lee ends the Union threat in Virginia

33. Ch.16.3 No end in Sight In the first two years of the war, neither side gains a decisive victory over the other. Lee invades the North – 4. For what reasons did Lee invade the North? General Lee, troops invade Maryland (September 1862) Several reasons for taking war to the North: – Hopes victory in North will force President Lincoln to talk peace – Gives Virginia farmers a rest from war during harvest – Confederates could plunder Northern farmers food – Hope invasion will convince Britain, France to aid Confederacy

34. Ch.16.3 No end in Sight In the first two years of the war, neither side gains a decisive victory over the other. Bloody Antietam – 5. Why did Lee retreat after the Battle of Antietam? General McClellan’s army fights Lee’s army, Battle of Antietam (1862) After 1 day, neither side gain ground, 25,000 men are killed, wounded Lee’s crippled army retreats into Virginia, McClellan fails to pursue He had lost one-third of his fighting force. President Lincoln fires McClellan. Would you have fired McClellan if you were Lincoln? Why or Why not?

35. Ch.16 The Civil War Begins, 1861- 1862 NorthSouth Reasons for fighting Advantages Disadvantages Military Strategy Battle Victories To Preserve Union Shiloh, Antietam Holding out until other side grew weary Bull Run, Seven Days’ Battles Fewer resources and soldiers Fighting on their own territory Surrounding and overwhelming the other side Greater man power and resources Had to carry battle to enemy To defend homeland