1. Emphysema

2.  Long term, progressive disease of the lungs  Part of the C.O.P.D. group—chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  Affects the bronchioles and alveoli

3.  The lung tissue is destroyed and does not maintain its necessary shape for adequate gas exchange

4.  Emphysema changes the anatomy of the lungs in several ways  Lungs are normally very spongy and elastic

5.  Sponge Analogy:  When breath is taken, the chest wall expands, expanding the lungs  Similar to how a sponge absorbs water when it is squeezed and released, suction draws air into the lungs when they expand

6.  A sponge can absorb water because it has many small pores expanding at the same time, picking up the water after being squeezed  If the pores were larger, they would not take in as much water

8.  Lungs require hundreds of millions of alveoli to draw enough air into them to be useful  Emphysema destroys the alveoli  The fewer and the bigger the alveoli, the less effectively they perform

9.  Emphysema is the opposite of pneumonia; too large alveoli  In other words, the air sacs enlarge until they balloon outward (distention)

10. ©http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/17055.jpg

11. Emphysema, Gross Level ©http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LUNGHTML/LUNG058.html

12. Healthy Lung Tissue ©http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cre/crerb1.GIF

13. Bronchiole and Arteriole Lung Specimen ©http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cre/creba.GIF

14. Emphysema ©http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LUNGHTML/LUNG059.html

15.  Respiration is a two step process:  Inhalation (active) → exhalation (passive)

16. Pathway to Emphysema  See board  Precursor: chronic bronchitis

17.  Smoking is the number one cause of emphysema  Contributes in two ways:  Destroys lung tissue (cause of the obstruction)  Causes inflammation and irritation of the airways (causes disease to worsen)

18. Symptoms  Shortness of breath  Coughing  Wheezing  “Purse lipped breathing”  Barrel chest  Cyanosis: lack of oxygen to tissues causes skin to look blue (fingernail beds, lips, tongue)

19. Cyanosis

20. Diagnosis  Chest sounds  Chest X-ray  Lung function test  Blood test

21. Treatments  Stop smoking  Bronchodilating medication: allow for better gas exchange  Surgery  Transplant