1. Lab 16

2. tobacco

5. Nicotine Nicotine is the active ingredient in tobacco. Although this drug is not currently used therapeutically(except in smoking cessation therapy,), nicotine remains important, because it is second only to caffeine as the most widely used CNS stimulant and second only to alcohol as the most abused drug. In combination with the tars and carbon monoxide found in cigarette smoke.

6. Mechanism of action: In low doses, nicotine causes ganglionic stimulation by depolarization. At highdoses, nicotine causes ganglionic blockade. Nicotine receptors exist at a number of sites in the CNS,which participate in the stimulant attributes of the drug.

7. Actions: CNS: Nicotine is highly lipid soluble and readily crosses the blood-brain barrier. Cigarette smoking or administration of low doses of nicotine produces some degree of euphoria and arousal as well as relaxation. It improves attention, learning, problem solving, and reaction time. High doses of nicotine result in central respiratory paralysis and severe hypotension caused by medullary paralysis.Nicotine is an appetite suppressant.

8. The peripheral effects of nicotine are complex. Stimulation of sympathetic ganglia as well as the adrenal medulla increases blood pressure and heart rate. Thus, use of tobacco is particularly harmful in hypertensive patients. Many patients with peripheral vascular disease experience an exacerbation of symptoms with smoking. For example, nicotine-induced vasoconstriction can decrease coronary blood flow, adversely affecting a patient with angina. Stimulation of parasympathetic ganglia also increases motor activity of the bowel. At higher doses, blood pressure falls, and activity ceases in both the gastrointestinal tract and bladder musculature as a result of a nicotine-induced block of parasympathetic ganglia.

9. Pharmacokinetics: Because nicotine is highly lipid soluble, absorption readily occurs via the oral mucosa, lungs, gastrointestinal mucosa, and skin. Nicotine crosses the placental membrane and is secreted in the milk of lactating women. By inhaling tobacco smoke, the average smoker takes in 1 to 2 mg of nicotine per cigarette (most cigarettes contain 6 to 8 mg of nicotine). The acute lethal dose is 60 mg. More than90 percent of the nicotine inhaled in smoke is absorbed. Clearance of nicotine involves metabolism in the lung and the liver and urinary excretion. Tolerance to the toxic effects of nicotine develops rapidly, often within days after beginning usage.

10. Adverse effects(short term effects) The CNS effects of nicotine include irritability and tremors. Nicotine may also cause intestinal cramps, diarrhea, and increased heart rate and blood pressure. In addition, cigarette smoking increases the rate of metabolism for a number of drugs.

11. Toxic effects(long term effects)

12. Withdrawal syndrome: As with the other drugs in this class, nicotine is an addictive substance, and physical dependence on nicotine develops rapidly and can be severe.Withdrawal is characterized by irritability, anxiety, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, headaches, and insomnia. Appetite is affected, and gastrointestinal pain often occurs.

13. How to stop smoking Start your stop smoking plan with START S = Set a quit date. T = Tell family, friends, and co-workers that you plan to quit. A = Anticipate and plan for the challenges you'll face while quitting. R = Remove cigarettes and other tobacco products from your home, car, and work. T = Talk to your doctor about getting help to quit.

15. 1-Medication therapy :A-Nicotine Replacement Therapy involves "replacing" cigarettes with other nicotine substitutes, such as nicotine gum or a nicotine patch. It works by delivering small and steady doses of nicotine into the body to relieve some of the withdrawal symptoms without the tars and poisonous gases found in cigarettes. This type of treatment helps smokers focus on breaking their psychological addiction

21. b- Non-nicotine therapy: Bupropion SR – brand names Zyban and Wellbutrin SR Bupropion (Zyban) is an anti-depressant medicine. It works on the chemicals in your brain. It can help control nicotine cravings. It does not contain nicotine.

22. 2- Non medication therapy Alternative Therapies Procedures like hypnosis, acupuncture, and meditation can address some of the mental and physical habits you have developed around cigarettes. Some people who have quit use these therapies alone, while others use them in conjunction with medicines or nicotine replacements. Support Therapies These include counseling and stop-smoking groups. Many doctors and smoking-cessation specialists highly recommend them, in addition to chemical or low- nicotine methods, as an additional level of help.

24. Tobacco chewing

26. Procedure 1- 3 volunteers: non-smoker, chronic smoker, passive smoker. 2-before starting smoking: blood pressure and pulse rate are measured. 3- after completing smoking Bl.pr & Pulse rate measured again.( 5,10,15 minutes 4- record the difference between the effect on all volunteers.