1. Answer the Monday question on the bellwork sheet. Bellwork 2-8-2016 01/25/12

2. Objectives Am I able to describe the relationship among genes, chromosomes, and inherited traits? (0707.4.3) Am I able to sequence a series of diagrams that depict chromosomes movement during plant cell division? (0707.1.4) Students will be able to describe the principal mechanisms by which living things reproduce and transmit information between parents and offspring. 01/25/12

3. Cells What is the control center of both the plant and animal cell? nucleus

4. Nucleus The nucleus is a large organelle in a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes. What part of the school are the chromosomes like? Chromosomes are made up of protein and DNA. The proteins carry out all the functions and characteristics of living organisms, such as carrying substances, sending messages, & protecting the body. DNA, or d eoxyribo n ucleic a cid, is genetic material that determines a plant or an animal's inherited traits. Genes are sections of DNA that give instructions for inherited traits, which are passed from one generation to the next. Traits are the different forms of characteristics, such as purple petals or brown hair, that plants and animals have.

5. Relationship among chromosomes, DNA, & genes... Nucleus contains chromosomes Chromosomes are made of DNA (& proteins) Sections of DNA are called genes. Genes are sets of instructions for inherited traits

7. DNA A strand of DNA looks like a twisted ladder. This shape is known as a double helix.

8. DNA Structure DNA is made of nucleotides (biological molecule). A nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base. Four types of nucleotides: Sides or backbone = phosphate + sugar Rungs of the ladder = pair of bases

9. Making Copies of DNA The pairing of bases allows the cell to replicate, or make copies of, DNA. Each base always bonds with only one other base. Adenine (A) > Thymine (T) Guanine (G) ] Cytosine (C) The sequence CGAC will bond with what? Sequence GCTG

10. How & When Copies are Made During replication, a DNA molecule is split down the middle, where the bases meet. The bases on each side of the molecule are used as a pattern for a new strand. DNA is copied every time a cell divides. The job of unwinding, copying, and re-winding the DNA is done by the proteins within a cell.

11. RNA RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is another type of molecule that helps make proteins. RNA is so similar to DNA that RNA can serve as a temporary copy of a DNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). Proteins are built in the cytoplasm by using RNA copies of a segment of DNA.

12. How DNA Works: Use pgs. 134-135 to create a flow chart that explains how DNA works.

13. A cell’s DNA codes for proteins that determine traits, like skin color A single strand of chromatin= DNA that is coiled around proteins. Cell is ready to divide= packages chromatin into chromatids. Two identical chromatids=a chromosome ready to divide Before division, human cell=46 chromosomes (two identical copies of genetic material) “Somebody explain that one…” “Say what!? Why would DNA coil around proteins?” “Copy that…why would we need to make copies of our DNA?”

14. Changes in Genes Check out pg. 138 & 140! Changes in the number, type, or order of bases on a piece of DNA are known as mutations. Sometimes bases are left out, extras are added, or the most common, the wrong base is used. Consequences of Mutations: improved trait, no change, harmful trait Most of the time proteins detect an error and fix it. Mutagens, like radiation, can cause mutations in DNA. When scientists manipulate or change individual genes within organisms it is called genetic engineering. DNA fingerprinting identifies the unique patterns in an individual’s DNA. A clone is an exact copy of another organism’s genes.

15. Elbow Partner Questions... Does every cell contain the same DNA? ✔ Every cell in your body has the same genes, and DNA. Your cells have all of the genetic information for your whole body. Your skin cells have the genetic make up of your skin and your muscles. Your skin does not use this extra information.

16. More Elbow Questions... How do things get cloned? ✔ To make Dolly, researchers isolated a somatic cell from an adult female sheep. Next, they transferred the nucleus from that cell to an egg cell from which the nucleus had been removed. After a couple of chemical tweaks, the egg cell, with its new nucleus, was behaving just like a freshly fertilized zygote. It developed into an embryo, which was implanted into a surrogate mother and carried to term. ✔ The lamb, Dolly, was an exact genetic replica of the adult female sheep that donated the somatic cell nucleus to the egg. She was the first-ever mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell.

17. Mutations Harmful mutations:  Beneficial Mutations: ✔ wild almond tree seeds “contain an intensely bitter chemical called amygdalin, which … breaks down to yield the poison cyanide. ✔ Occasional individual almond trees have a mutation in a single gene that prevents them from making a poison. ✔ Those non-bitter almond seeds are the only ones that ancient farmers would have planted, at first unintentionally in their garbage heaps and later intentionally in their orchards.

18. More Mutations… Red hair appears in people with two copies of a recessive gene on chromosome 16 which causes a mutation in the MC1R protein. Red hair has far more of the pigment pheomelanin than it has of the dark pigment eumelanin.

19. Even more… Blue eyes are a genetic mutation affecting the gene that produces brown eyes literally 'turns off' the ability to produce brown eyes. Rather than completely turning off the gene, the action is limited, which reduces the production of melanin in the iris. In effect, a person will have blue eyes.

20. How do little elephants grow up to be BIG elephants?

21. 50,000 of the cells in your body will die and be replaced with new cells, all while you have been reading this sentence! It takes about 8 hours for one of your cells to completely copy its DNA. One single cell contains two meters of DNA. 58. Cell Cycle

23. The life cycle of a cell is called the cell cycle. The cell cycle begins when the cell is formed and ends when the cell divides and forms new cells.

24. Skin cancer - the abnormal growth of skin cells - most often develops on skin exposed to the sun. Cells reproduce constantly. Three reasons why cells reproduce: 1. Growth 2. Repair 3. Replacement

25. DNA & Chromosomes  Before a cell divides, it must make a copy of its DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid.  Review: Where is DNA found and what does it do for the cell?  DNA is the heredity material that controls the cells activities, including the making of new cells.  The DNA of a cell is organized into structures called chromosomes.

26. Chromosomes  Human body cells have 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs of chromosomes.  These pairs are made up of similar chromosomes known as homologous chromosomes. Challenge Questions:  Why does our DNA compact into these chromosome structures?  Why do we have 23 pairs of chromosomes?

27. Mitosis Cell division occurs in a series of stages, or phases. Look @ pgs. 88-89 Interphase Prophase (Mitosis Phase 1) Metaphase (Mitosis Phase 2) Anaphase (Mitosis Phase 3) Telophase (Mitosis Phase 4) Cytokinesis

28. Mitosis Sequences With your group, sequence the phases of mitosis in order using the cards. At the bottom of your notes, draw your card sequence and justify why this order is correct.

29. http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

30. 01/25/12 Good app to use for studying and making foldable!

31. Mitosis Foldable 1.Fold paper in half hot-dog style. 2.Crate six flaps on one side. 3.Label each flap with the names of the mitosis phases. 4.Using your book or the mitosis app, draw a picture of each phase of mitosis on the inside of the flap, and take notes on the important parts of this phase. This is homework if you do not finish! 01/25/12

32. Interphase Replication of DNA Centrosomes, which contain centrioles, copy. 01/25/12

33. Prophase MITOSIS begins Chromatin has turned in chormatids (chromosomes) Nuclear Membrane disappears Spindle fiber form between the centrioles and attach to centromeres. 01/25/12

34. Metaphase Chromatids align at the center of the cell and are held in place by spindle fibers 01/25/12

35. Anaphase Chromatids separated and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. 01/25/12

36. Telophase Two new nuclei form Chromosomes unwind MITOSIS is complete 01/25/12

37. Cytokinesis Two daughter cells are created. 01/25/12

38. I Interphase P Prophase M Metaphase A Anaphase T Telophase C Cytokinesis IPMATC I Pray M ore At T he Church

39. 01/25/12 3-2-1 Reflection 3 things you have learned about DNA and cell division. 2 questions you have about this topic. 1 way you can relate this to the real- world.