1. CHAPTER 2 Cells & Classification Picture provided by Google Pictures

2. ORGANIZATION Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to make food, and the number of cells in their bodies.

3. KINGDOMS Archea Bacteria: Unicellular Prokaryotes: organisms whose cells lack a nucleus Prokaryotes that thrive in very extreme environments Hot springs, volcanoes, deep in the oceans, very salty water, swamps, and intestines of cows Eukarya Bacteria: Unicellular Eukaryotes: organisms whose cells have a nucleus Protists: odds and ends Fungi: heterotrophs, absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organisms Plants: multicellular, eukaryotes, autotrophs Animals: multicellular, eukaryotes, hetertrophs

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Cellular Organization: all living things are made of cells Cell: basic unit of structure and function in an organism Unicellular – made of only one cell Multicellular – made of many specialized cells

5. WHAT ARE CELLS MADE OF? Chemicals of Life: Water – most abundant chemical in cells Carbohydrates – energy source Proteins and Lipids – building materials of cells Nucleic Acids – genetic material

6. CELLS USE ENERGY TO: Using energy to do things that need to be done Repairing injured parts, movement, delivering chemicals and food energy, digesting, reading and understanding

7. CELLS HELP ORGANISMS RESPOND Response to Surroundings Stimulus: a change in an organism’s surroundings that causes the organism to react Changes in light, sound, temperature, etc. Response: The organism’s reaction (action or change in behavior) to the stimulus

8. CELLS ALLOW US TO GROW Growth and Development Growth: The process of getting larger Development: process of change that occurs during an organism’s life to produce a more complex organism

9. CELLS ALLOW US TO REPRODUCE Reproduction The ability to produce offspring that are similar to the parents Sexual: requires 2 parents (most multicellular) Asexual: requires 1 parent – one organism divides into two parts (bacteria, yeast, some plants)

10. CELLULAR MISCONCEPTION  Spontaneous Generation the MISTAKEN idea that living things can arise from nonliving sources Life comes from life !

11. NEEDS OF LIVING THINGS Water – most organisms can only survive a few days without water needed for cell and system functions

12. LIVING THINGS NEED Food – organisms need an energy source to live Autotrophs: organisms that make their own food using energy from the sun. Auto: self Troph: feeder Hetertrophs: organisms that cannot make their own food Hetero: other (feeding on others) Troph: feeder Flow of Energy: SUN  Plants (auto)  Herbivores (hetero)  Omivores (hetero)  Carnivores (hetero)

13. LIVING THINGS NEED Living Space – must provide organism with access to food, water, and shelter

14. LIVING THINGS NEED Stable Internal Environment – keeping conditions inside the body stable, even if conditions outside the body change significantly Homeostasis: The maintenance of stable internal conditions i.e. Body temps. stay the same with weather temp changes.

15. PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC

16. PLANT VS ANIMAL

17. PARTS TO A CELL  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum -- holds ribosomes to process proteins  Ribosomes – Process of making proteins to be sent to other parts of the cell  Cell membrane – outer covering of the cell

18. PARTS TO A CELL  Cell wall – tough ridged structure found outside the cell membrane on plant cells  Chloroplasts – Contain chlorophyll that is used to capture energy  Cytoplasm – Gelatin like substance that flows in side the cell  Central Vacuole – food storage in a plant cell

19. PARTS TO A CELL  Mitochondrion – breaks down food and releases it as energy  Nucleolus – Produces Ribosomes  Nucleus – directs cell activity  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum processes Lipids

20. PARTS TO A CELL  Golgi bodies – Transfers Proteins  Lysosomes – break down damaged or worn out parts of a cell  Cytoskeleton – framework found inside the cytoplasm

21. VIRUSES  Active attack immediately  Latent transfer DNA and wait  Only fight is a vaccine or it runs its course.

22. CELL THEORY  All organisms are made of cells  The sell is the basic unit of organization in an organism  All cells come from cells

23. MICROSCOPE BASICS  How to calculate magnification Eye piece (10) x the objective

24. DIFFUSION VS OSMOSIS  Diffusion Is the process of material moving from high concentration to an area of low concentration  Osmosis The tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a solution. Usually driven by Difusion!