1. Strategies in host-related special risks

2. Infants and Children  Infants and small children may encounter health problems in tropical destinations; particularly, they are at considerable risk of gastrointestinal infections.  Parents with very young children should be advised against vacationing in countries where such problems are likely to occur.

3. Infants and Children  Even greater contraindications against travel to the developing countries exist for infants and children with immune deficiency, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, serious handicaps, and conditions which require repeated blood transfusion.  Infants and small children often cry during descent of an aircraft because of pain in the ears.  To open their eustachian tubes and reduce the negative pressure in the middle ear, they may be given a drink or chewing gum as soon as the aircraft descends.

4. Infants and Children  Parents must be reminded that motion sickness and bruises( 淤血 ) occur more frequently in children than in adults, and they should equip their travel medical kit accordingly.  Acute mountain sickness is a greater risk for children and young adults than for healthy older travelers.  Skin hygiene is paramount, a daily bath in clean water will reduce the risk of infections

5. Infants and Children  Children should wear light cotton clothes and closes shoes to avoid infection from cuts and scratches or parasitic infestation of the feet.  Protection from ultraviolet radiation is of utmost importance as danger of damage to the skin and eyes is greater at that age than in adults.  It must be ensured that food and beverage preparation, especially in a hot climate, is done in a perfectly hygienic condition.

6. Infants and Children  The first step against malaria is taking preventive measures against mosquito bites.  This can be achieved by wearing long sleeves and full-length pants and with light treatment of the uncovered skin with DEET, EBAAP, or Bayrepel.  Parents should also be briefed about crisis management in case of illness acquired abroad.