2. Vocabulary Prokaryote: The cell does not have a “true” nucleus Eukaryote: The cell has a “true” nucleus

3. Vocabulary Cont. Autotroph: organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food. Heterotroph: Organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes

4. New System: 6 Kingdoms Eubacteria – DOMAIN BACTERIA Archaebacteria – DOMAIN ARCHEA Protista – DOMAIN EUKARYA Fungi – DOMAIN EUKARYA Plantae – DOMAIN EUKARYA Animalia – DOMAIN EUKARYA

5. Old System: 5 kingdoms Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

6. Prokaryotes 1 1 Consists of: 1.Eubacteria 2.Archaebacteria

7. Eubacteria Unicellular and Prokaryotic Thick, rigid cell walls Cell walls with peptidoglycan Either autotroph or heterotroph cyanobacteria streptococcus

8. Archaebacteria Unicellular and Prokaryotic Live in extreme environments such as thermal vents and hot springs Cell walls without peptidoglycan Either autotroph or heterotroph Oldest bacteria Examples: Methanogens Halophiles Methanosarcina

9. Eukaryotes Protists Fungi Plantae (plants) Animalia (animals)

10. Protista Oldest Eukaryotes Cell wall made of cellulose Most unicellular; some multicellular Autotrophs or Heterotrophs Live in moist environments More than 200,000 species Examples: paramecium amoeba, and algae amoeba paramecium Volvox Radiolarian

12. Paramecium & Euglena Euglena

13. Types of protist Animal like – classified by how they move –Single celled only Plant like – commonly known as “algae” –Single celled or multi-celled Fungus like – commonly referred to as decomposers –Slime molds, water molds, mildew

14. Pictures of protist

16. Fungi Cell walls made of chitin Most multicellular, some unicellular Heterotroph that is a decomposer Example: mushroom, yeast and mold Yeast Mushroom Bread Mold Rhizopus-stolonifer

18. Hyphae & Mycelium

19. Types of fungi Yeast Bread Mold Bracket (shelf) fungi Common fungi (has a mushroom!)

20. Fungus Reproduction 1.) Can reproduce Asexually (no exchange of DNA – no sex – like making clones) 2) OR can reproduce Sexually (sex! Exchange of DNA)

22. Plantae Cell wall made of cellulose; has chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph (photosynthesis) Example: moss, fern, trees, flowering plants Fern Moss Sequoia Tree

23. Vascular tissues Xylem – transports water Phloem – transports nutrients FOUND IN ALL PLANTS EXCEPT FOR BRYOPHYTES

25. Plant types Bryophytes (non-vascular) – MOSS! Ferns – seedless and vascular Gymnosperms – vascular, CONE BEARING – pine trees, evergreens. –Produce seeds Angiosperms – vascular, FLOWER BEARING – ALL FLOWERING PLANTS –Produce seeds

26. Plant types

27. Transpiration When plants release water or gases from holes in their leaves (stomata)

28. Animalia No cell wall or chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph Examples: Sponges, worms fishes, frogs, birds, mammals Red-eye tree frog Deep Sea Angler fish Barrel sponge Sea Otter Coral Reef Vampire Bat

29. Features of animals 1. Eat other things (heterotrophs) 2. Move at some point in their lives 3. Multicellular 4. Eukaryotic

30. Types of animals Invertebrates – animals without a backbone

31. Chordates & Vertebrates Chordates – organisms with a notocord (similar to a back bone) –Vertebrates (organisms with a true backbone are ALSO considered chordates) 4 features of chordates –Dorsal, hollow nervecord (spine) –Gills –Tail –Notocord (backbone)

32. Subphylum: Vertebrata

33. Features of vertebrates Fish – first vertebrates on planet Amphibians – live on land but tied to water, eggs laid in water Reptiles – thicker skin enables them to live on land –Amniotic egg – thick shelled egg that prevents water loss

34. Features of vertebrates Birds – warm blooded, lay eggs, related to dinosaurs Mammals – warm blooded, 4- chambered heart, have fur, and produce milk

35. Virus: What is a virus 1 1 Non-living Particles of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) Protein capsid Lipids T4 Bacteriophage Influenza virus Tobacco mosaic virus

36. Lytic Infection Host cell DIES in the lytic cycle 1.Virus injects its DNA into the cell 2.The cell then makes mRNA from the genes of the virus 3.The viral mRNA is translated into viral proteins 4.The virus uses the materials of the host cell to make thousands of copies of itself

37. Lytic (Cont.) 5.DNA produces new virus particles 6.Infected cell bursts 7.Releases hundreds of virus particles 8.These particles infect other cells

38. Lysogenic Cycle Host cell LIVES in the lysogenic cycle Prophage: Viral DNA is embedded in the host’s DNA The prophage may remain part of the DNA for years Prophage may be activated which removes itself from the host and can produce particles

39. Lysogenic cycle cont.

40. Retrovirus Retrovirus: Virus that contains RNA instead of DNA Genetic material is copied backwards –RNA to DNA AIDS is a retrovirus AIDS Virus

41. DiseaseEffect on BodyTransmission Influenza body aches, fever, sore throat, fatigue, headache, dry cough Contact w/ contaminated objects; droplet inhalation Aids Helper T cells, which are needed for normal immune system, are destroyed Contact w/ contaminated blood or bodily fluids Warts Non-cancerous growths on the skin Contact w/ warts Polio Fever, headache, muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing Droplet inhalation Hepatitis A Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, appetite loss, nausea, diarrhea, joint pain Human wastes, contaminated water and food Diseases caused by Viruses

42. Pathogen Something that can harm an organism There are patnogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, and animals. Bacteriophage – a virus that infects a bacteria