1. Reviewing For The CST Exam 1 st Semester Final Mrs. Beyers

2. Standard 9: Scientific progress is made by asking questions and conducting careful investigations.  The scientific method helps us test a problem. What are the six steps in the method?  1. Identify questions to be solved.  2. Conduct research/observations to use in making a hypothesis.

3. Standard 9: Scientific progress is made by asking questions and conducting careful investigations.  3. Test the hypothesis with an experiment.  4. Analyze results by placing data in a table or graph.  5. Draw conclusions – did you prove your hypothesis correct?  6. Communicate results.

4. Standard 9: Scientific progress is made by asking questions and conducting careful investigations.  What is a control and variable?  Control is what is kept the same; used for comparison  Variable is what is being changed to test; only one variable should be tested

5. Standard 9: Scientific progress is made by asking questions and conducting careful investigations.  How is a manipulated variable different from a responding variable?  Manipulated is what you choose to test.  Responding variable is the change caused by manipulated; what you usually measure in experiment.

6. Standard 9: Scientific progress is made by asking questions and conducting careful investigations.  I am testing to see how temperature affects the pressure inside a balloon.  What is the manipulated variable?  Different temperatures of the balloon  What is the responding variable?  Amount of pressure inside the balloon

7. Standard 9f: Apply simple mathematics relationships to determine a missing quantity in a mathematic expression.  What does mass measure?  Amount of matter in an object

8. Standard 9f: Apply simple mathematics relationships to determine a missing quantity in a mathematic expression.  What does volume measure?  Amount of space an object takes up

9. Standard 9f: Apply simple mathematics relationships to determine a missing quantity in a mathematic expression.  What is the formula for area and volume?  Area = length x width  Volume = length x width x height or area x height

10. Standard 9f: Apply simple mathematics relationships to determine a missing quantity in a mathematic expression.  If a room is 33 meters long, 2 meters high, and 3 meters wide, what is its volume?  33 x 2 x 3  198 cubic meters

11. Standard 9f: Apply simple mathematics relationships to determine a missing quantity in a mathematic expression.  A rock is placed in a graduated cylinder and the water goes up 32 mL. What is its volume?  32 cubic centimeters

12. Standard 9f: Apply simple mathematics relationships to determine a missing quantity in a mathematic expression.  A graduated cylinder holds 12 mL of water. A rock is placed inside it and it goes up to 15 mL. What is the volume of the rock?  15 – 12 = 3 cubic cm.

13. 8A Density and Buoyancy: Density is mass per unit volume. 8B Density and Buoyancy: How to calculate the density of a substance from measurements of mass and volume. 8C: How to predict if an item will float or sink.  The amount of matter in a given amount of space is called what?  Density

14. 8A Density and Buoyancy: Density is mass per unit volume. 8B Density and Buoyancy: How to calculate the density of a substance from measurements of mass and volume. 8C: How to predict if an item will float or sink.  What measurements are usually used for mass?  Gram, kilogram, milligram

15. 8A Density and Buoyancy: Density is mass per unit volume. 8B Density and Buoyancy: How to calculate the density of a substance from measurements of mass and volume. 8C: How to predict if an item will float or sink.  What measurements are usually used for volume?  Cubic meters or cubic centimeters – Solids  Liters or milliliters for liquids

16. 8A Density and Buoyancy: Density is mass per unit volume. 8B Density and Buoyancy: How to calculate the density of a substance from measurements of mass and volume. 8C: How to predict if an item will float or sink.  A 323 gram insect displaces 180 cubic centimeters of water. What is the density of the insect?  Mass divided by volume = Density  323 g divided by 180 cubic cm = 1.79 grams per cubic cm

17. 8A Density and Buoyancy: Density is mass per unit volume. 8B Density and Buoyancy: How to calculate the density of a substance from measurements of mass and volume. 8C: How to predict if an item will float or sink.  Find the density of a substance with a mass of 12 kilograms and a volume of 58 meters.  Mass divided by volume = Density  12 kg divided by 58 m =.21 kg/cubic meter

18. 8A Density and Buoyancy: Density is mass per unit volume. 8B Density and Buoyancy: How to calculate the density of a substance from measurements of mass and volume. 8C: How to predict if an item will float or sink.  The density of a block is 12 g/cubic cm. Its mass is 24 grams. What is its volume?  12 g/cubic cm. = 24 grams X 24 divided by 12 = 2 cubic cm.

19. 8A Density and Buoyancy: Density is mass per unit volume. 8B Density and Buoyancy: How to calculate the density of a substance from measurements of mass and volume. 8C: How to predict if an item will float or sink.  You have an item floating in a liquid. Which is denser: the item floating or the liquid?  The liquid.

20. 8A Density and Buoyancy: Density is mass per unit volume. 8B Density and Buoyancy: How to calculate the density of a substance from measurements of mass and volume. 8C: How to predict if an item will float or sink.  The density of water is 1.00 g/cubic cm. What density must an item be to sink in water? To float in water?  It must have a density greater than 1 g/cubic cm. to sink.  It must have density less than 1 g/cubic cm. to float

21. 8A Density and Buoyancy: Density is mass per unit volume. 8B Density and Buoyancy: How to calculate the density of a substance from measurements of mass and volume. 8C: How to predict if an item will float or sink.  How could I compare the densities of different colored liquids?  They will form layers based on their density. The layers on top will be less dense than the layers below. The one on the bottom is the densest.

22. Standard 3A: Structure of Matter – The structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.  Physical properties describe an object without physically changing it.  What are examples of physical properties?  Density, color, texture, mass, volume, malleability, conductivity, ductility

23. Standard 3A: Structure of Matter – The structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.  Chemical properties describe an object’s ability to react.  What are some examples of chemical properties?  Reactivity to acid, flammability, reactivity to water, ability to rust

24. 3D Structure of Matter: The states (Solid, Liquid, Gas) of matter depend on molecular motion.  Solids have definite shape and volume.  Molecules in solids vibrate in place and are the closest together of all states of matter.  Liquids have molecules that are still close together but are able to move past one another.

25. 3D Structure of Matter: The states (Solid, Liquid, Gas) of matter depend on molecular motion.  Liquids have surface tension and viscosity.  Gases have atoms and molecules that break away from each other, colliding with inside of the container and taking its shape.  Gases change shape and volume with changing temperature and pressure.

26. 3D Structure of Matter: The states (Solid, Liquid, Gas) of matter depend on molecular motion.  Draw a picture to illustrate the molecular motion of solids, liquids, and gases.

27. 3D Structure of Matter: The states (Solid, Liquid, Gas) of matter depend on molecular motion.  Which state of matter has molecules closely packed together and just vibrating in place?  Solids

28. 3D Structure of Matter: The states (Solid, Liquid, Gas) of matter depend on molecular motion.  Which state of matter has particles that are far apart and moving fast?  Gases

29. 3D Structure of Matter: The states (Solid, Liquid, Gas) of matter depend on molecular motion.  Which state of matter has particles that are close together but are moving past each other?  Liquids

30. 3D Structure of Matter: The states (Solid, Liquid, Gas) of matter depend on molecular motion.  For each of the changes in state of matter, tell whether they are speeding up and gaining energy OR slowing down and losing energy?  A. Sublimation – speeding up/gaining  B. Condensation – Slowing down/losing  C. Melting – Speeding up/gaining  D. Boiling – Speeding up/gaining  E. Freezing – Slowing down/losing

31. Standard 3A: Structure of Matter – The structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.  1. Which part of the atom has no charge?  Neutron

32. Standard 3A: Structure of Matter – The structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.  2. Which part of the atom has a positive charge?  Proton

33. Standard 3A: Structure of Matter – The structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.  3. Which part of the atom has a negative charge?  Electron

34. Standard 3A: Structure of Matter – The structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.  What is the electrical charge of the nucleus?  Positive

35. Standard 3A: Structure of Matter – The structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.  4. Put the 3 parts of the atom in order by mass from smallest to largest.  Electron, Proton, Neutron

36. Standard 3A: Structure of Matter – The structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.  5. The atom represented on the next four slides makes up an element to which group?  Group 1 – Alkali Metals

37. Standard 3A: Structure of Matter – The structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.  5. The atom represented on the next four slides makes up an element to which group?  Group 18 – Noble Gases

38. Standard 3A: Structure of Matter – The structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.  5. The atom represented on the next four slides makes up an element to which group?  Group 17 - Halogens

39. Standard 3A: Structure of Matter – The structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.  5. The atom represented on the next four slides makes up an element to which group?  Group 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals

40. Bonding  What type of bond is it when a positive ion bonds with a negative ion?  Ionic

41. Bonding  What type of bond are valence electrons shared?  Covalent  What type of bond are the electrons attracted to the positive metal ions?  Metallic

42. 3B Structure of Matter: Compounds are formed by combining two or more different elements. Compounds have properties that are different from the constituent elements.  6. What are compounds made up of?  Two or more elements put together chemically

43. 3B Structure of Matter: Compounds are formed by combining two or more different elements. Compounds have properties that are different from the constituent elements.  7. Are compounds physically or chemically combined?  Chemically combined

44. 3B Structure of Matter: Compounds are formed by combining two or more different elements. Compounds have properties that are different from the constituent elements.  8. Write an example of a compound.  NaCl or H 2 O or CO 2

45. 3B Structure of Matter: Compounds are formed by combining two or more different elements. Compounds have properties that are different from the constituent elements.  9. Example of a compound: Na and Cl combined  A. what compound does it make?  NaCl

46. 7A Periodic Table: How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals, and inert gases. 7C: Substances can be classified by their properties.  What groups of the periodic table are all metals?  Groups 1 - 12

47. 7A Periodic Table: How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals, and inert gases. 7C: Substances can be classified by their properties.  Name the elements that are metalloids.  Boron  Silicon  Germanium  Arsenic  Antimony  Tellurium  Polonium

48. 7A Periodic Table: How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals, and inert gases. 7C: Substances can be classified by their properties.  What groups of the period table have nonmetals?  Groups 17 – Halogens  Group 18 – Noble Gases

49. 7A Periodic Table: How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals, and inert gases. 7C: Substances can be classified by their properties.  What group has unreactive gases?  Group 18 – Noble Gases

50. 7A Periodic Table: How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals, and inert gases. 7C: Substances can be classified by their properties.  What is the name of the group that has very reactive nonmetals?  Group 17 - Halogens

51. 7A Periodic Table: How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals, and inert gases. 7C: Substances can be classified by their properties.  What is the name of the group that has very reactive metals?  Group 1 – Alkali Metals

52. 7A Periodic Table: How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals, and inert gases. 7C: Substances can be classified by their properties.  Name an element that would not bond with other elements.  Any element in Group 18 – Noble Gases

53. 7A Periodic Table: How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals, and inert gases. 7C: Substances can be classified by their properties.  How many protons are in Argon?  18 since its atomic number is 18

54. 7A Periodic Table: How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals, and inert gases. 7C: Substances can be classified by their properties.  What period is Arsenic located?  Period 4  The period is the row in the periodic table

55. 7A Periodic Table: How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals, and inert gases. 7C: Substances can be classified by their properties.  When you see a number written as P-14 or P-10, what does the number tell us about it?  It tells us the mass number which is the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. It is an isotope.

56. 7A Periodic Table: How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals, and inert gases. 7C: Substances can be classified by their properties.  How many neutrons would C-16 have?  Mass Number – Atomic Number  16 – 6 = 10 neutrons

57. 7A Periodic Table: How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals, and inert gases. 7C: Substances can be classified by their properties.  A column in the periodic table is called?  Group

58. 7A Periodic Table: How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals, and inert gases. 7C: Substances can be classified by their properties.  A row in the periodic table is called?  Period

59. 6A Chemistry of Living Systems: Carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living systems. 6B: Living organisms are made of molecules largely consisting of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. Living organisms have many different kinds of molecules including small ones such as water and salt and very large ones such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and DNA.  What element will always be found in organic compounds?  Carbon

60. 6A Chemistry of Living Systems: Carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living systems. 6B: Living organisms are made of molecules largely consisting of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. Living organisms have many different kinds of molecules including small ones such as water and salt and very large ones such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and DNA.  What element in organic compounds has four valence electrons making it the backbone of all living systems?  Carbon

61. 6A Chemistry of Living Systems: Carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living systems. 6B: Living organisms are made of molecules largely consisting of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. Living organisms have many different kinds of molecules including small ones such as water and salt and very large ones such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and DNA.  What elements are found in living organisms?  SPONCH  Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen

62. 6A Chemistry of Living Systems: Carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living systems. 6B: Living organisms are made of molecules largely consisting of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. Living organisms have many different kinds of molecules including small ones such as water and salt and very large ones such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and DNA.  Name examples of small molecules found in living organisms.  Salt and Water

63. 6A Chemistry of Living Systems: Carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living systems. 6B: Living organisms are made of molecules largely consisting of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. Living organisms have many different kinds of molecules including small ones such as water and salt and very large ones such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and DNA.  Name examples of large molecules found in living organisms.  Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and DNA

64. 6A Chemistry of Living Systems: Carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living systems. 6B: Living organisms are made of molecules largely consisting of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. Living organisms have many different kinds of molecules including small ones such as water and salt and very large ones such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and DNA.  What is the function of carbohydrates?  Provide energy to the body  What is the function of proteins?  Help build and repair body parts; regulate chemical reactions in the body

65. 6A Chemistry of Living Systems: Carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living systems. 6B: Living organisms are made of molecules largely consisting of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. Living organisms have many different kinds of molecules including small ones such as water and salt and very large ones such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and DNA.  What is the function of lipids?  Provide energy; major component of cell membranes  What is the function of Nucleic Acids?  Provide blueprint for the building of cell material

66. 3B Structure of Matter: Compounds are formed by combining two or more different elements. Compounds have properties that are different from the constituent elements.  9. Example of a compound: Na and Cl combined  B. How are the properties changed from the original elements to the new properties of the compound?  They are changed to new properties.

67. 3F Structure of Matter: How to use the periodic table to identify elements in simple compounds.  For the compound written, tell what elements are in the compound along with how many atoms of each element. H2O2H2O2  2 atoms of Hydrogen  2 atoms of Oxygen

68. 3F Structure of Matter: How to use the periodic table to identify elements in simple compounds.  For the compound written, tell what elements are in the compound along with how many atoms of each element.  NH 3  1 atom of Nitrogen  3 atoms of Hydrogen

69. 3F Structure of Matter: How to use the periodic table to identify elements in simple compounds.  For the compound written, tell what elements are in the compound along with how many atoms of each element.  H 2 (SO 4 ) 2  2 atoms of Hydrogen  2 atoms of Sulfur  8 atoms of Oxygen

70. 5A Reactions: Reactant atoms and molecules interact to form products with different chemical properties.  For the chemical equations written on the below, identify the reactants and products.  Na + Cl → NaCl  Reactants are Na + Cl  Products is the compound NaCl

71. 5A Reactions: Reactant atoms and molecules interact to form products with different chemical properties.  For the chemical equations written on the below, identify the reactants and products.  Fe + HCl →FeCl + H 2  Reactants are Fe + HCl  Products are FeCl + H 2

72. 5A Reactions: Reactant atoms and molecules interact to form products with different chemical properties.  For the law of conservation of mass to be applied to a chemical equation, both sides must be balanced. Is the equation below balanced?  Fe 2 + HCl → FeCl + H 2  Reactants: 2 Fe, 1 H, and 1 Cl  Products: 1 Fe, 1 Cl, and 2 H

73. 5A Reactions: Reactant atoms and molecules interact to form products with different chemical properties.  Write how many atoms of each element are present in the chemical equation below:  H 2 + O 2 → H 2 O 2  Reactants: 2 Hydrogen, 2 Oxygen  Products: 2 Hydrogen, 2 Oxygen

74. 5C Reactions: Chemical reactions usually liberate heat or absorb heat  Draw a graph that shows an exothermic/endothermic reaction. Be sure to label the reactants and products.

75. 5C Reactions: Chemical reactions usually liberate heat or absorb heat  Which type of reaction illustrated below releases energy during the reaction? What about the other? Exothermic Endothermic

76. 5E Reactions: How to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.  If hydrogen ions are added to a solution, what does it do to pH?  It lowers the pH.

77. 5E Reactions: How to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.  If hydroxyl ions are added to solutions, what does it to pH?  It raises the pH

78. 5E Reactions: How to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.  What numbers are represented by acids on the pH scale?  0 – 6.99

79. 5E Reactions: How to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.  What numbers are represented by bases on the pH scale?  7.01 - 14

80. 5E Reactions: How to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.  What numbers would indicate a strong acid?  Lower numbers such as 0 – 2  What numbers would indicate a strong base?  Higher number from 12 - 14

81. 5E Reactions: How to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.  What numbers would indicate a weak acid?  Numbers close to 7 from 5 – 6.99  What numbers would indicate a weak base?  Numbers close to 7 from 7.01 - 9

82. 5E Reactions: How to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.  How would you use litmus paper to test acids and bases? Tell what color you would use for each and what color it would turn?  For acids, a blue litmus paper would turn red.  For bases, a red litmus paper would turn blue.

83. 5E Reactions: How to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.  What happens when an acid combines with a base?  They neutralize each other, making water and salt

84. Reference Points Reference points are used to determine position of an object in motion. They can be a moving object or an object that stands still. They are simply something that we can use to compare or see how far something has moved.

85. Motion: Average speed is the total distance divided by the total time elapsed. Example: If a person swims 30 meters in 3 seconds, you would say 30 meters divided by 3 seconds. The average speed would be 10 meters per second.

86. Motion: Average speed is the total distance divided by the total time elapsed. Example: A car drives 648 miles going at a speed of 81 miles per hour. How many hours would it take that car to reach its destination. 648 divided 81 gives you the time of 8 hours.

87. Motion: Average speed is the total distance divided by the total time elapsed. Example: 60 mph for 4 hours, how far did the car travel? 60 x 4 = 240 miles

88. Motion: Average speed is the total distance divided by the total time elapsed. If more than one time or distance is given, you need to add the total distances and total times before using the average speed formula.

89. Motion: Average speed is the total distance divided by the total time elapsed. Example: An athlete runs for 10 meters in 10 seconds, then rests for 30 seconds before running 20 more meters in 30 seconds. Add distances: 10 meters plus 20 meters. Add times: 10 seconds plus 30 seconds plus 30 seconds. Now divide total distance by total time to get average speed. Answer:.43 meters.

90. Motion: To describe the velocity of an object one must specify both direction and speed. Velocity includes direction and speed. If you are asked for velocity, look for both of these items. Example: The velocity of a car is 80 miles per hour north.

91. Motion: Changes in velocity can be changes in speed, direction, or both. If a moving object changes either its speed, direction or both, it is a change in velocity. Which of the following has not changed its velocity? a.A car turning the corner b.A car increasing its speed to 50 mph. c.A car driving in a circle around a race track. d.Answer: None – they have all changed either speed or direction

92. Motion: How to interpret graphs of position versus time and speed versus time for motion in a single direction. What is the helicopter’s average speed? Look at total distance and divide by total time At end, traveled 8.5 meters divided by 10 seconds

93. Forces: A force has both direction and magnitude. What happens to the forces when you push an item? If the item is moving, the force of the push is greater than the force of the friction.

94. Forces: A force has both direction and magnitude. If the item is not moving, the force of the push is less than or equal to the force of the friction. All forces also have magnitude and direction.

95. Forces: When an object is subject to two or more forces at once, the effect is the cumulative effect of all forces? Example: If a force of 12 N acts on an object, and a force of 3N acts on the same object in the same direction, the total force is 15 N. Same direction - add

96. Forces: When an object is subject to two or more forces at once, the effect is the cumulative effect of all forces? Example: If you combine a force of 8 N North with a force of 2 N South, you subtract the smaller from the larger and use the direction of the larger one. 8N North – 2 N South = 6N North. Opposite directions - subtract

97. Forces: When an object is subject to two or more forces at once, the effect is the cumulative effect of all forces?

98. Motion: When the forces of an object are balanced, the motion of an object does not change. A net force of zero means forces are balanced and will not move or it will move at a constant speed. Net force greater than zero – unbalanced – will move

99. Forces: How to identify two or more forces acting on a single object, including gravity, elastic forces due to tension or compression in matter, and friction. A ball is dropped from a roof. The gravitation force on the ball is 1 N. If air resistance is.2N, what is the net force? 1 -.2 =.8N

100. Forces: How to identify two or more forces acting on a single object, including gravity, elastic forces due to tension or compression in matter, and friction. Skydiver has a mass of 200 N. Air resistance is 340 N. What happens to the speed of the parachute? Slows down – air resistance slows it

101. Forces: When the forces on an object are unbalanced, the object will change its motion (speed up, slow down, change direction) An object’s velocity will stay constant only if the speed and/or direction do not change. What does constant mean? Same

102. Forces: The greater the mass, the more force is needed to achieve the same change in motion. If something is heavier, it takes more force to move it, so more force will need to be applied. Inertia is an object’s resistance to a change in motion.

103. Forces: The role in gravity in forming and maintaining planets, stars, and the solar system. If distance between two masses decreases, gravity increases. If distance between two masses increases, gravity decreases. Larger mass – more gravity

104. Forces: The role in gravity in forming and maintaining planets, stars, and the solar system. Gravity pulls objects at the same rate as long as there is no air resistance involved. Rate is 9.8 m/s/s. To calculate speed of falling objects, multiply 9.8 X # seconds fall

105. Earth In The Solar System: Galaxies are clusters of billions of stars, and may have different shapes. Galaxies are large groupings of stars. A spiral galaxy is shaped like a pinwheel.

106. Earth In The Solar System: Galaxies are clusters of billions of stars, and may have different shapes. An elliptical galaxy may be spherical or shaped like a cigar. An irregular galaxy has no definite shape.

107. Earth In The Solar System: The sun is one of many stars in our own Milky Way galaxy. Stars may differ in size, temperature, and color. The color of a star helps scientists to measure the temperature. (blue – hottest, yellow – average, red – coolest) Sun is a yellow star Sun and our solar system are part of the Milky Way Galaxy Sun is main sequence star. Most stars are main sequence.

108. Earth in the Solar System: How to use astronomical units as measures of distance between the sun, stars, and Earth. Astronomical unit is the measure of the distance of the Earth from the Sun. It is used to compare distances in space. Astronomical Units used for distances of objects in solar system.

109. Earth in the Solar System: How to figure how much time in a light year Light Year is the distance light travels in one year. If a flash of light is observed that is 4 light years away, when did the light first happen? Count back from 4 years from when you observed it. If I observed it in January 2012, the flash first January 2008

110. Earth In The Solar System: Stars are the source of light for all bright objects in outer space. The moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight, not by their own light. Brightness of a light is the luminosity. (how much light the star emits) Moon is reflected light from the sun. How much light we see reflected from the moon is determined by what phase it is in.

111. Earth In The Solar System: Stars are the source of light for all bright objects in outer space. The moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight, not by their own light. Planets are also able to be seen because of the reflected light from the sun. What determines how bright a star will appear to us? Distance from Earth and temperature and size of star

112. Earth In The Solar System: Stars are the source of light for all bright objects in outer space. The moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight, not by their own light. The different phases come from the differing position of the Earth, moon and sun. Example: It is a full moon when the order is Moon, Earth, Sun. It is a new moon when it is Earth, Moon, Sun

113. Earth In The Solar System: Stars are the source of light for all bright objects in outer space. The moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight, not by their own light. When shadow of moon falls on a portion of Earth, it is a solar eclipse. When shadow of Earth falls on a portion of the moon, it is a lunar eclipse.

114. Earth in the Solar System: The appearance, general composition, relative position and size, and motion of objects in the solar system, including planets, planetary satellites, comets and asteroids. Rotation is the spinning motion of a body on its axis. Revolution is the motion of a planet around its orbit of the Sun. All planetary bodies are in an orbit due to the force of gravity and orbital speed

115. Earth in the Solar System: Objects in the solar system Terrestrial Planets – rocky, smaller in size, closer to the sun Gas Giants – made primarily of gases, larger, many moons

116. Density and Buoyancy: The buoyant force on an object is an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid it has displaced. The buoyant force on an object is due to upward forces equal to the weight the fluid has displaced. If the weight of an object is less than the buoyant force, the object will float. If the weight of an object is more than the buoyant force, the object will sink.

117. Density and Buoyancy: The buoyant force on an object is an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid it has displaced. Density helps us to determine if an object will float. Density of water is 1 gram per cubic cm. Greater than 1 – sinks Less than 1 floats Density also makes layers. Highest layer will always go on bottom.

118. Reference Points 1.A moving object in water will usually have what as its reference point to help determine how far it has moved? Answer: land or an island that it has just passed

119. Reference Points What two things would be used to describe position? Answer: Reference point and directions.

120. Reference Points 2. True or False: Only objects that stand still can be reference points. False: all objects can be reference points

121. Average Speed 3. If a plane is flying south at a speed of 500 meters per second, how long will it take it to reach its destination 9000 meters away? Answer: 9000 meters divided by 500 meters/second = 18 seconds

122. Average Speed 4. If a person runs 75 meters in 15 seconds, what is the person’s average speed? Answer: 75 meters divided by 15 seconds = 5 m/s

123. Average Speed 5. If a fish swims at an average speed of 13 meters per second, how far will it swim in 10 seconds? Answer: 13 m/s x 10 seconds = 130 meters

124. Average Speed 6. A girl runs 15 meters for 5 seconds. She stops to drink water for 10 seconds. She then continues her running for 75 meters in 20 seconds. What is her average speed? (15 meters + 75 meters) divided by (5 seconds + 10 seconds + 20 seconds) = 90 meters divided by 35 seconds = 2.6 m/s

125. Velocity 7. What two things must a measurement of velocity include? Answer: speed and direction 8.You are in Anaheim. You head north to Glendale. In one hour, you travel 55 miles. What is your velocity? Answer: 55 mph north

126. Velocity 9. A car traveling 30 meters per second north enters a new highway going west at 30 meters per second. Has the car changed its velocity? If yes, how? Answer: Yes, it changed direction

127. Velocity 10. If a car stops at a traffic light, how has its velocity changed? Answer: Its speed changed as it slowed down. 11. True or False: A clock’s minute hand is constantly changing velocity. Answer: True, it changes direction

128. Speed vs Distance

129. Forces 15. If a person is pushing a box and the box is not moving, is the force of the push less than or greater than the force of friction? Answer: Friction or the force of gravity is greater than the applied force.

130. Forces 16. If a person is pushing a box and the box moves, is the force of the push less than or greater than the force of friction? The applied force due to pushing is greater since it is moving.

131. Forces 17. All forces have what two things? Answer: Direction and magnitude 18. What is the net force when 12 N acts on an object in one direction, and a force of 5 N acts on the same object in the same direction? Answer: 12 N + 5 N = 17 N

132. Forces 19. What is the net force when you combine a force of 8N South with a force of 12 N North? Answer: 12 N North – 8 N South = 4 N North

133. What is the net force for the following diagram? 20. A: 3N to the West B: 5N to the North C: 4 N to the East

134. Forces 21. If forces are balanced on an object, what will the net force be? Answer: Net force of zero 22. If two people are playing tug of war and each is exerting equal force, but in opposite directions, what will the net force cause the rope to do? Answer: It will not move.

135. Forces 23. A rock is dropped from a roof. The gravitational force on the rock is 1 N. If air resistance is.4N, what is the net force? Answer: 1 N down -.4 N up =.6N down

136. Forces 24. If you are pushing a box across a room, what are the 3 forces that are involved? Answer: Friction, Gravity (weight), and Applied from pushing 25. What two things must not change for an object’s velocity to not change? Answer: Speed and direction

137. Forces 26. Will an object that has unbalanced forces acting on it have constant motion or accelerated motion? Answer: it depends on the amount of force, but it will definitely move

138. Forces 27.If two vehicles are driving down the road at 50 m/s. Would the truck or the car require more force to stop in 15 seconds. Answer: The truck 27.An object resists a change in motion because of what? Answer: Inertia

139. Gravity 29. Where would the rock and feather land at the same time? Answer: Where there is not air resistance (in a vacuum or in space)

140. Gravity 30. As distance increases between two masses, what happens to the gravitational force? Answer: it decreases 30.A feather and rock dropped at the same time would hit the ground at the same time on earth or on the moon? Why? On the moon – no air resistance

141. Space 31. What are large groupings of stars called? Answer: Galaxies 32. What galaxy are we in? Answer: Milky Way

142. Space 33. How can astronomers tell what temperatures stars are? Answer: By their color 34. Most stars in our galaxy are in what stage? Answer: Main Sequence 35. Stars like our sun would be what color? Answer: Yellow

143. Space 36.The average distance from Earth to the sun is what unit of measurement? Answer: Astronomical Unit 37. If a flash of light is seen on January 2004 and it comes from a star 4.5 light years away, when did the light first happen? Answer: 4.5 years ago which would be July 1999

144. Space 38. What is the diameter of the solar system in astronomical units? Answer: approximately 80 AU’s 39. The brightness of a star is determined by what? Answer: Its luminosity (how much light it emits)

145. Space 40. The light of the moon and planets comes from what? Answer: Reflected light from the Sun 41. During a full moon, what is the order of the earth, moon and sun? Answer: Moon – Earth – Sun 41a. When shadow of moon falls on a portion of the Earth, what type of eclipse is it? Solar Eclipse

146. Space 42. The spinning of a body on its axis is called what? Answer: Rotation 43. What is the motion of a planet around its orbit called? Answer: Revolution 44. All objects in our solar system orbit the sun because of what force? Answer: Gravity

147. Space 45. What are inner planets made of? Answer: Rocky material 46.What are outer planets made of? Answer: Mostly gases particularly Hydrogen and Helium 47. When the shadow of the Earth falls on a portion of the Moon, it results in what type of eclipse? Answer: Lunar Eclipse

148. Buoyancy 48. An object falls into water. Its density is.7 g/cm cubed. What percent of the object will be underwater? Answer: 70% since the density of water is 1 49. A buoyant force pushes in what direction? Answer: Upward

149. Buoyancy 50. If an object weighs 50 N has a buoyant force of 60 N, what will happen to the object in water? Answer: it will float

150. Density An object has a mass of 120 g. Its dimensions are 3 cm x 1 cm x 4 cm. What is its density? Mass is 120 g. Volume is 3 x 1 x 4 = 12 cubic cm. 120 divided by 12 = 10 g/cubic cm

151. Scientific Method 51. What variable is present in the following experiment: The pressure of water was measured at different depths in the ocean. Answer: Different depths of water

152. Math in Science 52. What is the equation that best describes a line graph with a slope? Answer: y = kx 53. What is a 60 kg. runner’s acceleration when a runner pushes off the starting block with a force of 300 N? 300 N divided by 60 kg. = 5 kg/s/s

153. Math in Science 54. What is the mass of an object when a force of 59 N accelerates the object 5 m/s/s? 59N x 5 m/s/s = 295N

154. Math in Science 55. A rock falls off a cliff and takes 3 seconds to hit the ground. What is the velocity of the rock when it hits? 9.8 x 3 = 29.4 m/s