1. 1 The Respiratory System – Chap 37 CT Scan of Bronchial tree

2. 2 Respiratory System Pre-assessment Questions: What is cellular respiration? How does the respiratory system relate to cellular respiration? How does the circulatory system relate to the respiratory system and to cellular respiration?

3. 3 Respiratory System I. Overview A.Primary functions: Gas exchange: Which gases and in which direction? 1.To absorb oxygen 2.Release carbon dioxide 3.Warms, humidifies and filters air

4. 4 Respiratory System B. How does gas exchange relate to cellular respiration? 1. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 -> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O 2. The respiratory system brings in the oxygen and removes the carbon dioxide

5. 5 1.RS brings oxygen into the body 2. Oxygenated blood gets pumped by the CS to cells of the body 3. O 2 is exchanged for CO 2 at the cellular level 4. Deoxygenated blood is transported back to the lungs via the CS 5. CO 2 is expelled by the lungs Energy to Run The Organism!

6. 6 Respiratory System II.Anatomy - Upper Respiratory Tract A.Nose / Nasal Cavity 1.Air enters the body and is filtered, warmed and humidified HOW and WHY? 2.Lined with cilia and mucous WHY?

7. 7

8. 8 Respiratory System B.Pharynx (Throat) - Passageway for air and food C.Epiglottis 1.Covers the opening to the trachea when you swallow 2.Why? ** prevents food from “going down the wrong way.” 3.What is the wrong way?

9. 9 D.Larynx “Voice Box” 1.A pathway lined with several pieces of cartilage which are connected to muscles. 2.Allows us to communicate 3.One piece, the thyroid cartilage forms the “Adam’s apple “.  Why do boys have a larger Adam’s apple? ***Testosterone causes it to grow larger. Respiratory System

10. 10 Respiratory System E.Trachea 1.Cartilaginous tube - “Windpipe” 2.Divides into right and left bronchi

11. 11 Respiratory System II.Anatomy (cont) - Lower Respiratory Tract F.Bronchi 1.Two large passageways in the chest cavity – each leads to one lung 2.Subdivide into smaller bronchioles 3.Smooth muscle surrounds the bronchi and bronchioles and control size of airway 4.Bronchioles subdivide into millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli

12. 12

13. 13 Respiratory System G.Alveoli 1.Oxygen dissolves in the moisture on the inner surface, then diffuses across capillaries into the blood 2.Carbon dioxide in the bloodstream diffuses in the opposite direction

14. 14 Alveoli Bronchiole Capillary There are 150 million alveoli in each healthy lung!

15. 15 Hemoglobin Saturation Relative to the Environment 250 million Hemoglobin Molecules in each Red Blood Cells each binding 4 Oxygen Molecules!

16. 16 Respiratory System III. Breathing 1.Controlled by the diaphragm 2.CO 2 levels in blood determine diaphragm contraction; monitored by cells in brain Air inhaled Diaphragm Rib cage rises Air exhaled Diaphragm Rib cage lowers Inhalation Exhalation

17. 17 Respiratory System IV.Diseases of the RS A.Asthma 1.Common, chronic incurable disease. Cause is unknown. Genes play a role. 2.Bronchi narrow because of inflammation, & tightening of smooth muscles in bronchial walls. 3.Bronchi clog with mucus 4.Can be triggered by many things: exercise, allergens, pollutants (cigarette smoke, car exhaust, etc.)

18. 18 Asthma Respiratory System

19. 19 Respiratory System B.Bronchitis 1. Excess mucus and inflammation of the bronchioles, which narrow or shut off the bronchioles. 2. Caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke and air pollutants

20. 20 Respiratory System Chronic Bronchitis: Excessive secretion of bronchial mucus

21. 21 3.Bronchitis comes in two forms: a)Acute – lasts less then 6 weeks. Generally caused by lung infections. b)Chronic - reoccurring frequently for more than two years. Often due to smoking.

22. 22

23. 23 Respiratory System C.Cystic Fibrosis - genetic defect that causes excessive mucus production that clogs the airways; die from drowning D.Pneumonia - Inflammation of the lungs caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae E.Tuberculosis - Bacterial infection (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) of the lungs that causes the formation of hard nodules and crusty dead spots in lungs

24. 24 Respiratory System V.Effects of Smoking 1.Nicotine constricts bronchioles, decreasing airflow in lungs = bad 2.CO binds to hemoglobin reducing O 2 carrying capacity = bad 3.Irritants in smoke caused increased mucus secretion and swelling of mucosal lining = bad 4.Irritants in smoke inhibit movement and eventually destroy cilia in lining of RS = bad 5.Over time, the elastic fibers of the lungs are destroyed causing collapse of small bronchioles and the trapping of air in alveoli = bad

25. 25 Photo Credit: American Lung Association Normal, healthy lung Lung Cancer

26. 26 Respiratory System VI.Smoking-Related Diseases A.Emphysema: Destruction of the walls of the alveoli resulting in less surface for gas exchange

27. 27 Photo Credit: American Lung Association Normal, healthy lungEmphysema

28. 28 Respiratory System C.Lung Cancer: leading cause of cancer deaths in US; most people die within a year of initial diagnosis; 85% of cases are related to smoking

29. 29 Respiratory System DON’T SMOKE OR YOU COULD WIND UP LIKE THIS!! This person had a Laryngectomy

30. 30

31. 31 Respiratory System Respiratory System Movie