1. precipitate Interact Mineral scaling and Produced Water Chemistry Corrode Equilibrate

2.  Tell us about yourself?  Name  Responsibility at your company  Technical background (scientist, engineer?)  Technical work and experience  Course expectations Each attendee has a different backgrounds and course expectations. Let’s determine how best to set up computers, teams, discussions, etc..

3.  An overall discussion of Produced Water Chemistry  Speciation  Mineral scaling  Vapor-liquid-solid chemistry  Corrosion  Learn the Studio ScaleChem interface  Focus audience is Production Chemists and Engineers  The details are Production Chemistry, not production engineering. (We will leave the engineering to the audience.)

4. C – water-rock interface A- Oil-gas-rock interface B- Oil-water-Rock interface Static reservoir T/P Flowing reservoir T/P F – water-rock interface D- Oil-gas-rock interface E- Oil-water-Rock interface H- Bulk Fluid state G- Zone mixing J- sampling and flow rates I – phase separation

5. Mass of gas Mass of oil Mass of water Total mass exiting system + + Total mass entering system = Buildup in line +

6.  Much of our work is to establish mass conservation in the system  Then we select locations in process where define the system (separated gas, whole fluid in well, water- rock-oil interface)  Finally, we compute the system at the conditions we select System = packet of production fluid being tested, e.g., the daily production rate of gas+oil+water or a small volume element within the larger system

7.  Problem solving  interpret plots and table outputs  think about how to solve a problem  Use ScaleChem as a calculation tool  Think beyond the scale tendency  look at the fluid properties and the system environment  The user solves the scaling question, not the software  Teach Chemistry in training  Teach to expand users knowledge base  Chemistry is independent of software interface o Knowledge is permanent – transferrable to any software o Software skills by comparison are out of date if interface changes

8.  Phase Equilibrium  Species Partitioning  Total mass balance  Thermodynamic constraints (Reservoir Saturation)  Saturation Ratios  Acid-Base reactions (CO2, H2S, HCO3 - )

9.  Software Training Manual  Mechanics (plug and chug),  Application (no explicit instructions)  Chemistry Principles  Brine Chemistry Lecture Slides  Example Applications  General discussion Q&A

10.  Introduction, Course Plan  ScaleChem Chapter 2 to 5  Brine, gas, scale scenario  Reservoir saturation  Contour Diagrams  ScaleChem Chapter 6  Brine to Contour Diagram  ScaleChem Chapter 7  Facilities  Ch. 8 – Australia well  Ch. 9 - South Texas Well  Ch. 10 – Alkalinity  Ch. 11 – Bathos  Ch. 12 – Bathos Mixing Water  Ch. 13 – Gladys McCall  Ch. 14 – GM-Bathos Facilities  Alkalinity  Scale Prediction  Practical Scale Tendency  Produced Water Origins  Mineral Scales - Slides Slides Olympus Titan Combine wells Case Studies

11.  Calculation types  Pre-solved problems – Chapters 2 to 7 o Build skills and confidence – that’s the manual  Practical problems – Chapters 8-12 o Difficulties and uncertainties. o Think IF and HOW this software can be used  Calculation topics  Production issues that users encounter  Software Calculation Limitations  Thermodynamic limitations

12. The key to using this (or any modeling) tool is knowing how and why it works. Thus, We will lean the chemistry behind the calculations Then, We can be confident (or not) with the results. Yes, this means we’ll be taking Water Chemistry-101 this week

13.  Reconciling a brine: when to consider the CO2, when to use alkalinity / pH, when to do nothing?  Weak Acids: What are the effects of VFA’s, borates and other species on alkalinity?  Which water analysis species are important to enter and which ones can be ignored?  What do I do when my pH, alkalinity, and carbonates do not match?  What do I do when analysis data is inconsistent (e.g. out of balance or wrong pH)?  How can I use naturally occurring ion ratios to check my work?

15.  We are Engineering Chemists… (But still chemists)  We develop software to help engineers solve problems  Chemical process  Oil and Gas  Environmental  Basic Reserch  Pulp and Paper  Nuclear

16. Speciation Equilibrium Constants Activity Coefficients Corrosion Thermodynamics Surface REDOX Reactions Mixed, Solid-Phase Fugacity Nucleation & Crystal Growth Mineral Scale (Phase Chemistry)(Corrosion Chemistry) Inhibition Removal Prevention Thermodynamics Transport and Reaction Dynamics Engineering Corrosion

17. What comes to mind? Haven’t a clue Know that it causes problems Hey, I’m into it big-time

18. Review of Screens, Calculation features, and functions