1. Desalination An Affordable Solution for Urban & Rural Water Crisis
K. Syed Amir Basha
Chief Technology Officer (Desalination)
VA Tech Wabag

2. Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis

3. Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis
There is good potential for addressing the water scarcity problem in Urban and Rural areas through sustainable saline water desalination technologies.
Seawater and brackish water desalination are well established industries comprising a wide variety of available technologies with decades of accumulated experience.
There are many advancements and interesting evolution also taking place in desalination technologies to bring down the water cost further.

4. Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis
Best available technology needs to be selected to suit the location and local conditions

5. Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis
Desalination For Urban Areas:
Much of the world’s desalination technology experience today is related to large urban supply plants on the sea coast that are either connected to the grid, or are themselves part of large power and desalination cogeneration plants.
India having a very long coast line, the experience gained from Chennai Metro Water’s 100 MLD SWRO Plant ,built by Wabag, gives more confidence in meeting the water demand in Coastal cities.
Nemmeli 100 MLD SWRO Plant, Chennai

6. 9255 m3 /hour
6000 m3 /hour

7. SWRO at Al Ghubrah PROJECT-HIGHLIGHTS – Desalination
Reverse Osmosis – Drinking water
Key Data
Location: Muscat
Sultanate of Oman
Type: DBO
Capacity: ,000 m3/d
Start-up:
WABAG is building a sea water desalination plant in Muscat, Oman for the Oman Power & Water Procurement Co. The new drinking water plant is based on RO-Technology for a capacity of 190,000 m3/d. Cadagua, Malacoff and Sumitomo are the developer for the project

8. Al Wasia WTP PROJECT-HIGHLIGHTS – Desalination Key Data
Location: Al Wasia
Saudi Arabia
Capacity: 168,000 m3/d
Start-up: 2009
Reverse Osmosis – Drinking water
Implementation of a Reverse Osmosis plant for the desalination of brackish ground water. The existing pre-treatment plant plant was extended and upgraded. The RO-plant produces drinking water for the growing population in Riad with a capacity of up to 200,000 m3/d.

9. AVR-Rotterdam, Desalination
PROJECT-HIGHLIGHTS – Desalination
AVR-Rotterdam, Desalination
Key Data
Location: Rotterdam
The Netherlands
Capacity: 24,000 m3/d
Start-up: 1999
Thermal desalination - MED
Europe‘s largest thermal desalination plant for sea and brackish water.
2 MED units for the production of process water for the operation of a 4-line, liquid chemical waste incineration plant.

10. Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis
Desalination for Rural /remote areas
Rural and remote areas have special requirements that influence the appropriate selection of desalination technologies.
These include technical requirements related to
Small scale application preferably using renewable energy sources
Ease of operation and maintenance
Simple design -requirements dictated by geographical location

11. Comparison of desalination technologies
Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis
Comparison of desalination technologies
Process
Capital Cost
Energy consumption
Other O&M cost
Type of energy required
Multi-Stage Flash (MSF)
High
Low
Heat + power
Multi-Effect Distillation (MED)
Thermal Vapour Compression (TVC)
Medium
Mechanical Vapour Compression
(MVC)
Medium to high
Power
Reverse Osmosis
Low/Medium

12. Comparison of desalination technologies
Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis
Comparison of desalination technologies
Process
Capital Cost
Energy consumption
Other O&M cost
Type of energy required
Electro-dialysis (ED & EDR)
Low
Power
Membrane distillation (MD)
High/medium
High
Heat + minor power
Forward Osmosis
Low (prospective) NA
Power (+heat in some cases)
Humidification/ Dehumidification (HDH)
Medium
Heat + power

13. Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis
Wabag’s Capabilities
Wabag is one of the very few companies in world today who can build and operate desalination Plants based on various technologies
MSF
MED RO
Wabag is an Indian Multi National company recognized as one of the top ten desalination companies by Global Water Intelligence

14. Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis
Renewable energy technologies for desalination
Solar energy
Solar thermal energy
Solar thermal technologies capture the heat from solar radiation, either for direct use in a particular heat-driven process, or for power generation through a steam power cycle, and subsequent use of the generated power in a mechanically or electrically driven process
Solar photovoltaic (PV)
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is based on the direct conversion of energy from solar radiation into DC electrical power using panels of semi-conductors.

15. Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis
Renewable energy technologies for desalination
Wind energy
Wind turbines are used to convert part of the kinetic energy in the wind into shaft power, which can either be used to drive an electric generator, or directly coupled to a mechanically-driven process.

16. Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis
Renewable energy technologies for desalination
Geothermal
Geothermal energy is thermal energy that originates from the Earth’s interior. The source of this energy is mostly from the decay of radioactive matter in the Earth’s core.
High temperature geothermal sources, above 150 degC, are used for power generation using a Rankine cycle, which can in principle be used to drive power-driven desalination processes.
Lower temperature sources are best suited for direct coupling to thermal desalination processes.
When high pressure steam is available, it can be used to directly drive a turbine for power generation or in direct coupling with a mechanically-driven desalination process

17. Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis
Renewable energy technologies for desalination
Process/RE resource combinations
Solar thermal-MED
Solar thermal-HDH
Solar thermal-MD
PV-RO
PV-ED
Wind-RO
Wind-MVC
Geothermal MED
Geothermal HDH

18. Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis
Brine Disposal in Inland Desalination Plants:
Evaporation pond
Zero Liquid discharge techniques by Thermal Method.
VSEP Treatment.
Brine injection.
Produce agriculture and aquaculture products with Brine
Evaporation pond using enhanced Evaporation Mechanisms.

19. Major Factors Affecting Cost of Desalination
Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis
Major Factors Affecting Cost of Desalination
Plant size.
Feed-water salinity and quality.
Energy cost.
Plant location & infrastructure.
Process type.
Plant specifications.
Finance cost.

20. Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis
Recommended Water Cycle for Effective utilisation of Water: