1. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10 Dai Plasma-Cathodes agli Acceleratori a Plasma Luca Serafini, INFN-Milano Il conseguente deterioramento di Brillanza è incompatibile con un acceleratore per High Energy Frontier (TeV collider) e con radiazione narrow-band mediante FEL o Thomson back-scatt. Il processo di autoiniezione basato su bubble-regime (SITE- like) produce fasci con difetto genetico: eccesso di cromatismo Opzione A: auto-iniezione in step density gradient (AOFEL) e booster in capillare (schema LBNL, exp. BELLA) (A look at the particle beam beyond the laser-plasma source) Opzione B: iniezione esterna di un bunch da SPARC e booster in capillare pilotato da FLAME

2. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10 C. Benedetti

3. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

4.  n [  m] 10 13 10 14 10 15 10 16 10 17 I [kA] 10 18 AOFEL SPARX SPARC X-ray FEL @ 1 pC The Brightness Chart [A/(m. rad) 2 ] Self-Inj chromaticity

5. Asymptotic linear growth of norm. emittance with distance, as predicted by formula Which gives, for C. Benedetti’s simulations of SITE, 500 mm.mrad per meter of free space drift (matches upper plot in first 10 cm drift before quadrupoles) M. Migliorati

6. x envelope and emittance free diffraction in vacuum RETAR (A. Rossi) no description of plasma vacuum interface 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10 Gruppo di Studio LI 2 FE Particle & Radiation Beam Dynamics M. Ferrario coord.

7. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10 CO 2 envelope TiSa envelope e - beam TiSa pulse plasma L sat =10L G =1.3 mm (  =0.002) CO 2 focus Z [m] r  m] L chrom =  0 2 /(  )=2.5 cm

8. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

9. BELLA @ LBNL 10 GeV PWFA Will be followed by staging at multi-GeV energies 10 GeV beam allow positron production, XFEL! < 1 m 1000 TW 40 fs e - beam ~10 GeV Laser  Two-stage design  Need 40 J in 40 fs laser pulse  BELLA Project: 1 PW, 1 Hz laser Multi-GeV beams 11thICATPP, Villa Olmo, Como, Italy, Oct. 5th, 2009

10. Injected Bunch: 13pC, 150MeV, 0.6 mm.mrad,  x 3.0  m rms,  z 2.4  m rms [1KA peak current] Laser: 7J in 35fs, w 0 =32.5  m, w 0_inj =135  m, guided over 30 Z R. Plasma: Density profile increasing from 0.6e17 cm - 3 up to 0.8e17 cm -3, “tapered channel” for pulse guiding. Acceleration length about 15cm. Numerics: Window mobile at v=c, grid sampling at 46points/  p e 26 points/w. Bunch described by 40000 macro-particles LIFE: the Plasma Accelerator (exploitation of velocity bunching and synchronization) SPARC Review Meeting, LNF, 20-10-2009

11. Dynamics in longitudinally inhomogenous plasmas Il controllo della velocita’ di fase dell’onda si ottiene profilando adeguatamente la densita’ del plasma SPARC Review Meeting, LNF, 20-10-2009

12. = 2.01 GeV  E/E = 0.8% rms  n =0.6  m External Injection of a 10 fs 15 pC electron bunch generated by SPARC photoinjector into a LWFA SPARC Review Meeting, LNF, 20-10-2009

13. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

14.  n [  m] 10 13 10 14 10 15 10 16 10 17 I [kA] 10 18 AOFEL SPARX SPARC X-ray FEL @ 1 pC The Brightness Chart [A/(m. rad) 2 ] Self-Inj Ext-Inj SPARC Review Meeting, LNF, 20-10-2009

15. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10 Jitter

16. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10 Targetring Hollow fiber Gas jet with density step Gas cell with density modulation Etc..

17. Advanced Accelerators for Particle Physics and Applications (X-ray FELs, Compact Light Sources, particle beams for medicine, etc. and their positive feedbacks on HEP accelerators!) James B. Rosenzweig 1, Luca Serafini 2 1 UCLA Dept. of Physics and Astronomy 2 INFN - Milan 11thICATPP, Villa Olmo, Como, Italy, Oct. 5th, 2009 Reinventing the Accelerator for the High Energy Frontier Reinventing the Accelerator for the High Energy Frontier Talk available at http://pcfasci.fisica.unimi.it/Homepage.html

18. Historical schematic of accelerators: Particle physics leads, spin-offs follow quickly Electrostatic Accelerators Betatron Cyclotron Ion Linear Accelerators 1930 2030 Synchrotron Circular Collider Superconducting Circular Collider Electron Linear Accelerators Electron Linear Colliders Muon Collider? VLHC? Medicine Light sources (3 rd Generation) Nuclear physics X-ray FEL Laser/Plasma Accelerators? Ultra-High Energy LC? FFAG, etc. 11thICATPP, Villa Olmo, Como, Italy, Oct. 5th, 2009

19. Ultra-short beam application: IR wavelength PWFA Ultra-high brightness, fs beams impact HEP also! Use 20 pC LCLS beam in high n plasma In “blowout” regime: total rarefaction of plasma e - s –Beam denser than plasma –Very nonlinear plasma dynamics –Pure ion column focusing for e-s –Linac-style EM acceleration –General measure of nonlinearity: MAGIC simulation of blowout PWFA case Z (mm) R (mm) SPARC Review Meeting, LNF, 20-10-2009

20. With 2 fs LCLS beam we should choose For 2 pC beam, we have 1 TV/m fields (!) –Also w/o plasma (ionization) –New frontier in atomic physics Collaboration formed –UCLA-SLAC-USC –Technical issues address OOPIC simulation of LCLS case 1 TV/m accelerating field: a dream for a table-top TeV-class e - e + collider? SPARC Review Meeting, LNF, 20-10-2009

21. Sub-fs e - 1 pC bunches @ SPARC First attempt (A. Bacci with gen. algorithm) Sub-fs e - 1 pC bunches @ SPARC First attempt (A. Bacci with gen. algorithm) SPARC Review Meeting, LNF, 20-10-2009

22. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10 Conclusioni Citando Chen Joshi di UCLA, che ha dichiarato all’ ICFA workshop on Laser and Plasma Accelerators (LPAW09, Kardamyli, june 2009) : “We need to move LPA experiments from the Shoot-and-See towards a real Accelerator” Abbiamo una window of opportunity di circa 2-3 anni per mettere in funzione a LNF un vero Acceleratore a Plasma che sia un precursore di un TeV-class collider

23. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

24. SPARC Review Meeting, LNF, 20-10-2009 More Details in: http://www.lnf.infn.it/acceleratori/sparc/LIFE/LIFE.html http://pcfasci.fisica.unimi.it/Homepage.html Unprecedented results in Application Experiments due to unique beams available needless to say… we need the correct Spirit of sharing Expertise and Instrumentation LIFE Window of Opportunity (5 year catch) Crucial Role in advancing new technologies for the High Energy Frontier

25. Ultra-short XFEL pulses: motivation and feedback to HEP Investigations at atomic electron spatio-temporal scales –Angstroms-nanometers (~Bohr radius) –Femtoseconds (electronic motion, Bohr period) Femtochemistry, etc. 100 fs accessible using standard techniques Many methods proposed for the fsec frontier Use “clean” ultra-short electron beam –Myriad of advantages in FEL and beam physics –Robust in application: XFEL, coherent optical source, PWFA… How a HEP Spin-Off, the X-ray FEL, can return a positive feedback in advancing Accelerators toward the High Energy Frontier SPARC Review Meeting, LNF, 20-10-2009

26. Ultra-short pulses at SPARX Scaling indicates use of ~1 pC beam for single spike For 1 pC,  z only 4.7  m after velocity bunching Use June 2008 version of SPARX lattice –compression no longer at end, at 1.2 GeV (Final 2.1 GeV) Very high final currents, –some CSR emittance growth, for 1 pC –Longitudinal tails, higher peak brightness (2 orders of magnitude!) Q=1 pC case SPARC Review Meeting, LNF, 20-10-2009

27. FEL performance: 1 pC, 2 fs e - bunch Single spike with some structure > 1 GW peak power at saturation (30 m) 480 attosecond rms pulse at 2 nm at SPARX s (  m)  nm  z (m) z 

28. SPARC Review Meeting, LNF, 20-10-2009

29. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10 x x pxpx pxpx  0 =0.5  0 =1.41  p =2  p =0.71  n =1  n /  n =1  n /  n =0.18 after drift d=2

30. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10 SPARC  n =1 mm. mrad,  0 = 200  m,  =300,  =0.6%, d=10 m  n =0.005 mm. mrad Self-Inj  n =2 mm. mrad,  0 = 1  m,  =2000,  =2%, d=1 m  n =40 mm. mrad Emittance Dilution due to Chromatic Effects on a beam emerging from a focus of spot size  0, drifting to a distance d

31. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

33. Slice thickness 400nm

34. Brightness good enough to drive a X-ray FEL B_peak=2I/  2 =3.5. 10 16 A/m 2 SPARC Review Meeting, LNF, 20-10-2009

35. AOFEL injection by longitudinal nonlinear breaking of the wave at a density downramp looks one of the most promising since it can produce e-beams having both low energy spread and low transverse emittance. electromagnetic undulator made by a laser pulse counter propagating respect to the electron beam 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

36. First stage:LWFA with a gas jet modulated in areas of different densities with sharp density gradients. Energy (J)2 Waist (  m) 20 Intensity (W/cm 2 )7 10 18 Duration (fs)20 n 01 (cm -3 )1 10 19 L R (  m) 10 n 02 (cm -3 )0.6 10 19 p (  m) 13 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

37. Bunch length and average current 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

38. Transverse and longitudinal phase and configuration spaces @ 1 cm 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

39. Transverse and longitudinal phase and configuration spaces @ 92 cm 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

41. ASTRA (A. Bacci) : matching with a triplet

42. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10 Space charge energy spread No Space charge energy spread

43. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10 No Space charge No energy spread SPARC beam Space charge energy spread

44. High Brightness Electron Beams (ps to fs bunch length) High Intensity Laser Beams (20-100 fs pulses) SPARC (Sorgente Pulsata e Amplificata di Radiazione Coerente) and PLASMONX (PLasma Acceleration @ Sparc & MONochromatic X-rays) Unique worldwide at these level of combined beam performance Synchronized to fs level 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

45. W 0 =23  m, T=17 fs I=8.5*10 18 W/cm 2, E=2.4 J

46. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

49. Slice analysis: length of each slice Best slices

50. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10  <><> <><> Selection of best part in the bunch: 40 pC in 2 fs (600 nm) Longitudinal phase space and density profile projected rms  n = 0.7  m

51. Prelim. Results with VORPAL J. R. Cary et al. New results by ALADYN, now become our simul. tool Numerical Modelling Formation of the plasma Formation of the bunch Acceleration stage Astra Retar Beam-CO2 laser Interaction FEL instability Genesis 1.3 EURA Transition Plasma-undulator First stage Second stage Third stage 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

54. GENESIS Simulations for laser undulator at 1  m to radiate at 1 Angstrom Simulation with real bunch  =3.5  m Average power (L sat ~500  m, P sat ~10 MW) Peak power 100 MW in 100 attoseconds Field Coherence Time duration

55. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10 Slice 8, I=25 kA Equivalent Cathode

56. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

57. Energy spread 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

58. SPARC 640  m AOFEL 3  m SPARX 580  m acceleration focusing beam plasma emittance laminarity parameter Beam-plasma wavelength betatron length transition spot-size Bubble-self.inj. 80-150  m

59. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10

61.  [  ] 10 14 10 15 10 16 10 17 BnBn SPARX SPARC The 6D Brilliance Chart [A/((m. rad) 2 0.1%)] Self-Inj Ext-Inj AOFEL X-ray FEL @ 1 pC

62. 3rd LI2FE Meeting, INFN-LNF, 11-03-10