2. Plants.

3. ROOT –root tip –root hairs

5. Roots Roots anchor plant in soil, absorb minerals & water, & store food –fibrous roots (1) mat of thin roots that spread out –tap roots (2) 1 large vertical root also produces many small lateral, or branch roots –root hairs (3) increase absorptive surface area 2 1 3

6. ROOT –root tip –root hairs STEM –nodes internodes –buds terminal or apical buds axillary buds flower buds & flowers

7. ROOT –root tip –root hairs STEM –nodes internodes –buds terminal or apical buds axillary buds flower buds & flowers LEAVES –mesophyll tissue –veins (vascular bundles)

8. Leaves Function of leaves –photosynthesis energy production CHO production –gas exchange –transpiration simple vs. compound

9. Nutritional needs –plants need… sun as an energy source inorganic compounds as raw materials –water (H 2 O) –CO 2 –minerals

10. Macronutrients Plants require these nutrients in relatively large amounts –C, O, H, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S

11. Micronutrients Plants require in very small amounts –Cl, Fe, Mn, Bo, Zi, Ni, Mb –primarily cofactors for enzyme function

12. Transport in plants H 2 O & minerals –transport in xylem –transpiration evaporation, adhesion & cohesion Sugars –transport in phloem –bulk flow Calvin cycle in leaves loads sucrose into phloem Gas exchange –photosynthesis CO 2 in; O 2 out stomates –respiration O 2 in; CO 2 out roots exchange gases within air spaces in soil

13. Water & mineral absorption Water absorption from soil –osmosis –aquaporins Mineral absorption –active transport –proton pumps active transport of H + H2OH2O root hair aquaporin proton pumps

14. Mineral absorption Proton pumps –active transport of H + ions out of cell chemiosmosis H + gradient –creates membrane potential difference in charge drives cation uptake –creates gradient cotransport of other solutes against their gradient

15. Water flow through root Porous cell wall –water can flow through cell wall route & not enter cells –plant needs to force water into cells Casparian strip

16. Transport of sugars in phloem Loading of sucrose into phloem –proton pumps cotransport of sucrose into cells down proton gradient