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2. Monocots and Eudicots = Phylum ANTHOPHYTA 2 Both are MONOPHYLETIC = ONE common ancestor

3. - Plants need resources from both the air and soil, so the ROOT system (ground) needs to work with the SHOOT system (air)…they depend on each other 3 Tissue  a group of cells, consisting of one or more types, which perform a specific function (ex. ground tissue, vascular tissue, etc) Organ  several types of tissues that work together to carry out particular functions (3 main organs in plants = roots, stems, leaves) Tissue  a group of cells, consisting of one or more types, which perform a specific function (ex. ground tissue, vascular tissue, etc) Organ  several types of tissues that work together to carry out particular functions (3 main organs in plants = roots, stems, leaves)

4. Roots - Function → anchor, absorb water, store food -Monocots = fibrous roots -Dicots = taproots - Roots may have root hairs to increase the surface area and take up water - Adventitious roots are above ground roots -Have epidermal tissue but no waxy cuticle Roots - Function → anchor, absorb water, store food -Monocots = fibrous roots -Dicots = taproots - Roots may have root hairs to increase the surface area and take up water - Adventitious roots are above ground roots -Have epidermal tissue but no waxy cuticle Taproot – Ex. Carrot Fibrous Root – Ex. Onion Taproot – Ex. Carrot Fibrous Root – Ex. Onion Root Hairs Adventitious Roots of Ficus 4

5. Shoots -Stems and Leaves - Can be: -Vegetative (leaves) - Reproductive (flowers) Shoots -Stems and Leaves - Can be: -Vegetative (leaves) - Reproductive (flowers) 5

6. Stems -Alternating system of nodes (leaf attachments) and internodes (between leaves) - Axillary bud (angle at leaf/stem) have potential to bud -Terminal bud → concentrated growth; this inhibits the axillary buds = APICAL DOMINANCE Stems -Alternating system of nodes (leaf attachments) and internodes (between leaves) - Axillary bud (angle at leaf/stem) have potential to bud -Terminal bud → concentrated growth; this inhibits the axillary buds = APICAL DOMINANCE The presence of a terminal bud is responsible for inhibiting the growth of axillary buds. If the terminal bud gets removed (pruning), then the axillary bud will start to grow. Sometimes gardeners cut the terminal bud off so that the axillary buds will grow and the plant will become fuller. 6

7. Leaves -Main photosynthetic organ in plants - Flattened blade and petiole (stalk) -Waxy cuticle (helps prevent water loss) - Some have special functions Leaves -Main photosynthetic organ in plants - Flattened blade and petiole (stalk) -Waxy cuticle (helps prevent water loss) - Some have special functions 7 COPY THIS INTO YOUR NOTES!!! Mesophyll Tissue  -VERY photosynthetic -Divided into spongy and palisades mesophyll COPY THIS INTO YOUR NOTES!!! Mesophyll Tissue  -VERY photosynthetic -Divided into spongy and palisades mesophyll

8. 3 Types of Plant Tissues: - Dermal → outer layer; “epidermis” - Vascular → transport; xylem and phloem - Ground → photosynthetic; storage; support 3 Types of Plant Tissues: - Dermal → outer layer; “epidermis” - Vascular → transport; xylem and phloem - Ground → photosynthetic; storage; support 8

9. Dermal Tissue -The dermal tissue is the epidermis of the plant; it is called the “skin of the plant” - It is the outside layer of the plant - It is a single layer of cells that are tightly packed together - It can secrete a waxy cuticle (prevent dehydration) Dermal Tissue -The dermal tissue is the epidermis of the plant; it is called the “skin of the plant” - It is the outside layer of the plant - It is a single layer of cells that are tightly packed together - It can secrete a waxy cuticle (prevent dehydration) Note the upper and lower epidermis 9

10. Vascular Tissue -Organized into veins - Transports materials between the roots and the shoots -The vascular tissue of the root or stem is called the stele - 2 main parts: - Xylem → transports water “up” - Phloem → transports food to roots and non- photosynthetic parts of the plant; from “source to sink”; transports up and down Vascular Tissue -Organized into veins - Transports materials between the roots and the shoots -The vascular tissue of the root or stem is called the stele - 2 main parts: - Xylem → transports water “up” - Phloem → transports food to roots and non- photosynthetic parts of the plant; from “source to sink”; transports up and down In this picture, the “S” stands for phloem (sieve tube elements) 10

11. Ground Tissue -Neither dermal nor vascular -Functions in photosynthesis, storage, and structural support -In eudicots (where the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring) it is divided into: -Pith (internal to the vascular tissue) - Cortex (external to the vascular tissue) Ground Tissue -Neither dermal nor vascular -Functions in photosynthesis, storage, and structural support -In eudicots (where the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring) it is divided into: -Pith (internal to the vascular tissue) - Cortex (external to the vascular tissue) 11

12. There are 3 basic types of plant cells : 1. Parenchyma 2. Collenchyma 3. Sclerenchyma Each cell type has structural adaptations in the cell contents (protoplast) and in the cell wall. Terms to know: - Plasmodesmata → channels connecting cells - Middle lamella → cements adjacent cell walls - Primary wall → made as the cell grows - Secondary wall → made after the growth stops There are 3 basic types of plant cells : 1. Parenchyma 2. Collenchyma 3. Sclerenchyma Each cell type has structural adaptations in the cell contents (protoplast) and in the cell wall. Terms to know: - Plasmodesmata → channels connecting cells - Middle lamella → cements adjacent cell walls - Primary wall → made as the cell grows - Secondary wall → made after the growth stops 12

13. Parenchyma -Thin, flexible primary walls - Most lack secondary walls - “Typical cell” → generally the LEAST specialized (all cells start out as parenchyma) -Can dedifferentiate for plant tissue cultures -Photosynthetic!! - Perform most metabolic functions -Do not usually do cell division (unless in meristems), but retain the ability to divide and differentiate Parenchyma -Thin, flexible primary walls - Most lack secondary walls - “Typical cell” → generally the LEAST specialized (all cells start out as parenchyma) -Can dedifferentiate for plant tissue cultures -Photosynthetic!! - Perform most metabolic functions -Do not usually do cell division (unless in meristems), but retain the ability to divide and differentiate 13

14. Collenchyma -Thicker, but uneven primary cell walls - Grouped together to support young parts of shoots -LACK secondary walls Collenchyma -Thicker, but uneven primary cell walls - Grouped together to support young parts of shoots -LACK secondary walls 14

15. Sclerenchyma -Function as SUPPORT ELEMENTS in plants - They have thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin -More rigid than collenchyma -Mature cells cannot elongate (b/c of rigid cell walls), so they are present in cells that have stopped growing Sclerenchyma -Function as SUPPORT ELEMENTS in plants - They have thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin -More rigid than collenchyma -Mature cells cannot elongate (b/c of rigid cell walls), so they are present in cells that have stopped growing 15

16. Xylem -Transports water and dissolved materials “up” from the roots - There are two types of water conducting elements: -Tracheids → long and thin; their secondary cell walls have hardened with lignin; they have pits where water flows through -Vessel Elements → wider and shorter; thinner walls and linked together forming long tubes (called xylem vessels) -The cells that make up xylem are DEAD at maturity Xylem -Transports water and dissolved materials “up” from the roots - There are two types of water conducting elements: -Tracheids → long and thin; their secondary cell walls have hardened with lignin; they have pits where water flows through -Vessel Elements → wider and shorter; thinner walls and linked together forming long tubes (called xylem vessels) -The cells that make up xylem are DEAD at maturity Xylem 16

17. Phloem -Transports food to roots and other non-photosynthetic parts of the plant - Moves sucrose and other organic molecules through tubes formed by chains of cells called sieve tube elements → -These sieve tube elements are ALIVE at maturity - The end of each element has a sieve plate, which has pores to allow substances through - They are associated with non-conducting companion cells that help them move the materials (via plasmodesmata) -Used in TRANSLOCATION (Bulk Flow Movement) Phloem -Transports food to roots and other non-photosynthetic parts of the plant - Moves sucrose and other organic molecules through tubes formed by chains of cells called sieve tube elements → -These sieve tube elements are ALIVE at maturity - The end of each element has a sieve plate, which has pores to allow substances through - They are associated with non-conducting companion cells that help them move the materials (via plasmodesmata) -Used in TRANSLOCATION (Bulk Flow Movement) Phloem = Blue (in this picture) 17

18. Meristems -Perpetual embryonic tissue in growth areas (makes more cells!) - Pattern of growth depends on the locations of the meristems - There are 2 main types of meristems: -Apical Meristems -Lateral Meristems Meristems -Perpetual embryonic tissue in growth areas (makes more cells!) - Pattern of growth depends on the locations of the meristems - There are 2 main types of meristems: -Apical Meristems -Lateral Meristems Meristems allow for LIFELONG GROWTH!!! 18

19. Apical meristems are found at the tips of roots and at the buds of shoots. These are for PRIMARY growth (LENGTH). They give rise to the primary plant body. They allow roots to extend through the soil and the shoots to increase their exposure to light and carbon dioxide. 19

20. Lateral meristems are cylinders that run along the root/ shoot. They provide SECONDARY growth (THICKNESS). They add girth to the plant by making secondary vascular tissue and periderm. These meristems are very important in woody plants (trees, etc). 20 -There are two types of lateral meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. -The vascular cambium adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem ( wood ) and secondary phloem. - Plants with vascular cambium with lignified cell walls are called woody plants (not herbaceous) - The cork cambium replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher periderm. -There are two types of lateral meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. -The vascular cambium adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem ( wood ) and secondary phloem. - Plants with vascular cambium with lignified cell walls are called woody plants (not herbaceous) - The cork cambium replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher periderm.

21. 21 - Annuals  complete their life cycle—from germination to flowering to seed production to death—in a single year or less. - Biennials  s pan two years, with flowering and fruiting in the second year - Perennials  plants such as trees, shrubs, and some grasses that live many years - Annuals  complete their life cycle—from germination to flowering to seed production to death—in a single year or less. - Biennials  s pan two years, with flowering and fruiting in the second year - Perennials  plants such as trees, shrubs, and some grasses that live many years

22. Root Cap → protects meristem Zone of cell division → apical meristem and its derivatives Quiescent Center → Cells that divide more slowly than meristem cells; resistant to damage Zone of elongation → cells elongate; responsible for pushing the root tip Zone of differentiation (aka zone of maturation) → specialization; complete differentiation and become distinct cell types Root Cap → protects meristem Zone of cell division → apical meristem and its derivatives Quiescent Center → Cells that divide more slowly than meristem cells; resistant to damage Zone of elongation → cells elongate; responsible for pushing the root tip Zone of differentiation (aka zone of maturation) → specialization; complete differentiation and become distinct cell types 22 - Roots show mostly PRIMARY GROWTH and produce the epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. - Water and minerals absorbed from the soil must enter the plant through the epidermis, a single layer of cells covering the root. - Root hairs greatly increase the surface area of the epidermis. - In angiosperm roots, the stele is a vascular cylinder with a solid core of xylem and phloem. - The ground tissue of roots consists of parenchyma cells. - When plant stems are cut, roots will develop at the cut end which is opposite the apical bud. - Roots show mostly PRIMARY GROWTH and produce the epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. - Water and minerals absorbed from the soil must enter the plant through the epidermis, a single layer of cells covering the root. - Root hairs greatly increase the surface area of the epidermis. - In angiosperm roots, the stele is a vascular cylinder with a solid core of xylem and phloem. - The ground tissue of roots consists of parenchyma cells. - When plant stems are cut, roots will develop at the cut end which is opposite the apical bud.

23. There are 3 Primary Meristems: Protoderm – forms the dermal tissue (epidermis) Procambium – forms the stele (vascular tissue in the center of roots – primary xylem/phloem) Ground – forms ground tissue There are 3 Primary Meristems: Protoderm – forms the dermal tissue (epidermis) Procambium – forms the stele (vascular tissue in the center of roots – primary xylem/phloem) Ground – forms ground tissue Stele – vascular bundle in the center of roots; produced by the procambium 23

24. Secondary Growth – Thickness - Occurs in stems and sometimes in roots, but rarely in leaves - TWO LATERAL MERISTEMS: -Vascular Cambium → makes secondary xylem (WOOD) and secondary phloem -Cork Cambium → Makes the tough covering for roots and stems which replaces the epidermis -Periderm → layers of cork and cork cambium - Bark → refers to all tissue external to vascular cambium (secondary phloem, cork, cork cambium) Secondary Growth – Thickness - Occurs in stems and sometimes in roots, but rarely in leaves - TWO LATERAL MERISTEMS: -Vascular Cambium → makes secondary xylem (WOOD) and secondary phloem -Cork Cambium → Makes the tough covering for roots and stems which replaces the epidermis -Periderm → layers of cork and cork cambium - Bark → refers to all tissue external to vascular cambium (secondary phloem, cork, cork cambium) KNOW THIS PICTURE AND THESE DEFINITIONS!! IF there is secondary growth, the plant is considered to be “woody” not “herbaceous” 24

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26. One of the major differences between plants and animals is TOTIPOTENCY! For plants growth and development is NOT restricted to the embryonic/ juvenile period but occurs throughout the life of the plant; can develop into any part of the plant; to get features from the juvenile form, must take cuttings from areas formed in that period One of the major differences between plants and animals is TOTIPOTENCY! For plants growth and development is NOT restricted to the embryonic/ juvenile period but occurs throughout the life of the plant; can develop into any part of the plant; to get features from the juvenile form, must take cuttings from areas formed in that period Growth = increase in size Development = changes that elaborate an organisms body Growth = increase in size Development = changes that elaborate an organisms body Plant Life Cycle: Germ → Flower →Seed → Death RECALL: Annual = 1 year or less Biennial = 2 years Perennial = Lives many years Plant Life Cycle: Germ → Flower →Seed → Death RECALL: Annual = 1 year or less Biennial = 2 years Perennial = Lives many years 26

27. Processes that are important to the development of plants: 1. Morphogenesis → development of body form and organization; depends on pattern formation (specific structure in specific location) 2. Differentiation → specialization of cells; depends on control of gene expression (regulating transcription and translation) 3. Growth → includes both: - Cell Division (can be symmetrical or asymmetrical) - Cell Expansion (water accounts for 90% of expansion – fills vacuoles) Both of these contribute to plant form Processes that are important to the development of plants: 1. Morphogenesis → development of body form and organization; depends on pattern formation (specific structure in specific location) 2. Differentiation → specialization of cells; depends on control of gene expression (regulating transcription and translation) 3. Growth → includes both: - Cell Division (can be symmetrical or asymmetrical) - Cell Expansion (water accounts for 90% of expansion – fills vacuoles) Both of these contribute to plant form 27

28. Terms to Know: - Stomata - Guard Cells - Palisades Mesophyll - Spongy Mesophyll -Mycorrhizae (symbiotic fungus on roots to help get water) Terms to Know: - Stomata - Guard Cells - Palisades Mesophyll - Spongy Mesophyll -Mycorrhizae (symbiotic fungus on roots to help get water) 28